Romig T, Thoma D, Weible A-K
Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34, 75099 Stuttgart, Germany.
J Helminthol. 2006 Jun;80(2):207-12. doi: 10.1079/joh2006347.
Transmission of the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis, the causative agent of human alveolar echinococcosis, is known to depend on various environmental factors which are subject to human influence. Epidemiological data suggest that in most endemic regions anthropogenic landscape changes (e.g. deforestation and agricultural practices) have led to more favourable conditions for the parasite's animal hosts, especially arvicolid rodents, thereby increasing the risk for parasite transmission and human disease. Examples are the conversion of forests or crop fields into meadows and pastures in Europe, China and North America, and overgrazing of natural grassland in central Asia. Other anthropogenic factors include interference with host population densities by wildlife disease control, changing hunting pressure and provision of new habitats, e.g. in urban areas. Domestic dogs may, under certain conditions, get involved in the otherwise largely wildlife-based transmission, and thereby greatly increase the infection pressure to humans. The introduction of neozootic host species may increase transmission, or even initiate the parasite's life-cycle in previously non-endemic regions. Lastly, the parasite itself may be accidentally introduced into non-endemic areas, if suitable host populations are present (e.g. in northern Japan).
狐绦虫多房棘球绦虫是人类肺泡型棘球蚴病的病原体，已知其传播取决于各种受人类影响的环境因素。流行病学数据表明，在大多数流行地区，人为景观变化（如森林砍伐和农业活动）为寄生虫的动物宿主，特别是田鼠类啮齿动物创造了更有利的条件，从而增加了寄生虫传播和人类患病的风险。例如，欧洲、中国和北美的森林或农田转变为草地和牧场，以及中亚天然草原的过度放牧。其他人为因素包括通过野生动物疾病控制干扰宿主种群密度、改变捕猎压力以及提供新栖息地，如在城市地区。家犬在某些情况下可能会参与原本主要基于野生动物的传播，从而大大增加对人类的感染压力。新动物宿主物种的引入可能会增加传播，甚至在以前的非流行地区引发寄生虫的生命周期。最后，如果存在合适的宿主种群（如在日本北部），寄生虫本身可能会意外引入非流行地区。
