Saudan C, Baume N, Robinson N, Avois L, Mangin P, Saugy M
Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, Institute of Legal Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Br J Sports Med. 2006 Jul;40 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):i21-4. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2006.027482.
Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone, modified to enhance its anabolic actions (promotion of protein synthesis and muscle growth). They have numerous side effects, and are on the International Olympic Committee's list of banned substances. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry allows identification and characterisation of steroids and their metabolites in the urine but may not distinguish between pharmaceutical and natural testosterone. Indirect methods to detect doping include determination of the testosterone/epitestosterone glucuronide ratio with suitable cut-off values. Direct evidence may be obtained with a method based on the determination of the carbon isotope ratio of the urinary steroids. This paper aims to give an overview of the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids in sport and methods used in anti-doping laboratories for their detection in urine, with special emphasis on doping with testosterone.
Review of the recent literature of anabolic steroid testing, athletic use, and adverse effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids.
Procedures used for detection of doping with endogenous steroids are outlined. The World Anti-Doping Agency provided a guide in August 2004 to ensure that laboratories can report, in a uniform way, the presence of abnormal profiles of urinary steroids resulting from the administration of testosterone or its precursors, androstenediol, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone or a testosterone metabolite, dihydrotestosterone, or a masking agent, epitestosterone.
Technology developed for detection of testosterone in urine samples appears suitable when the substance has been administered intramuscularly. Oral administration leads to rapid pharmacokinetics, so urine samples need to be collected in the initial hours after intake. Thus there is a need to find specific biomarkers in urine or plasma to enable detection of long term oral administration of testosterone.
合成代谢类固醇是睾酮的合成衍生物，经过修饰以增强其合成代谢作用（促进蛋白质合成和肌肉生长）。它们有众多副作用，且被列入国际奥委会的禁用物质清单。气相色谱 - 质谱联用技术可用于鉴定和表征尿液中的类固醇及其代谢物，但可能无法区分药用睾酮和天然睾酮。检测兴奋剂的间接方法包括测定睾酮/表睾酮葡萄糖醛酸苷比值并设定合适的临界值。基于测定尿液类固醇碳同位素比值的方法可获得直接证据。本文旨在概述合成代谢雄激素类固醇在体育运动中的使用情况以及反兴奋剂实验室用于在尿液中检测它们的方法，特别强调睾酮兴奋剂检测。
回顾合成代谢类固醇检测、运动员使用情况以及合成代谢雄激素类固醇不良反应的近期文献。
概述了用于检测内源性类固醇兴奋剂的程序。世界反兴奋剂机构在2004年8月提供了一份指南，以确保实验室能够以统一的方式报告因使用睾酮或其前体、雄烯二醇、雄烯二酮、脱氢表雄酮或睾酮代谢物二氢睾酮或掩蔽剂表睾酮而导致的尿液类固醇异常谱的存在情况。
当通过肌肉注射方式使用睾酮时，所开发的用于检测尿液样本中睾酮的技术似乎适用。口服给药会导致快速的药代动力学过程，因此需要在摄入后的最初几个小时内采集尿液样本。因此，有必要在尿液或血浆中找到特定的生物标志物，以实现对长期口服睾酮的检测。
