Program in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
Extreme Environments Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Spinnaker Building, Cambridge Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2ER, UK.
Sports Med. 2017 Jan;47(1):11-31. doi: 10.1007/s40279-016-0558-1.
Accurate monitoring of homeostatic perturbations following various psychophysiological stressors is essential in sports and exercise medicine. Various biomarkers are routinely used as monitoring tools in both clinical and elite sport settings. Blood collection and muscle biopsies, both invasive in nature, are considered the gold standard for the analysis of these biomarkers in exercise science. Exploring non-invasive methods of collecting and analysing biomarkers that are capable of providing accurate information regarding exercise-induced physiological and psychological stress is of obvious practical importance. This review describes the potential benefits, and the limitations, of using saliva and urine to ascertain biomarkers capable of identifying important stressors that are routinely encountered before, during, or after intense or unaccustomed exercise, competition, over-training, and inappropriate recovery. In particular, we focus on urinary and saliva biomarkers that have previously been used to monitor muscle damage, inflammation, cardiovascular stress, oxidative stress, hydration status, and brain distress. Evidence is provided from a range of empirical studies suggesting that urine and saliva are both capable of identifying various stressors. Although additional research regarding the efficacy of using urine and/or saliva to indicate the severity of exercise-induced psychophysiological stress is required, it is likely that these non-invasive biomarkers will represent "the future" in sports and exercise medicine.
准确监测各种生理心理应激后体内平衡的变化，在运动医学和运动科学中至关重要。各种生物标志物通常被用作临床和精英运动环境中的监测工具。采集血液和肌肉活检，这两种方法都具有侵入性，被认为是运动科学中分析这些生物标志物的金标准。探索能够提供有关运动引起的生理和心理应激的准确信息的非侵入性生物标志物采集和分析方法，具有明显的实际意义。本文综述了使用唾液和尿液来确定生物标志物的潜在益处和局限性，这些生物标志物能够识别在剧烈或不习惯的运动、比赛、过度训练和不当恢复之前、期间或之后经常遇到的重要应激源。特别是，我们重点关注以前用于监测肌肉损伤、炎症、心血管应激、氧化应激、水合状态和大脑压力的尿液和唾液生物标志物。一系列实证研究提供的证据表明，尿液和唾液都能够识别各种应激源。虽然需要更多关于使用尿液和/或唾液来指示运动引起的生理心理应激严重程度的研究，但这些非侵入性生物标志物很可能代表运动医学和运动科学的“未来”。
