Scherer Gerhard
ABF Analytisch-biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Goethestrasse 20, 80336 München, Germany.
Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2006 Nov;58(2-3):101-24. doi: 10.1016/j.etp.2006.07.001. Epub 2006 Sep 14.
The determination of biomarkers in human body fluids is a useful tool, which allows the quantitative assessment of the exposure to chemicals or complex mixtures of chemicals and of early biological effects as a result of the exposure. Biomarkers require validation before their successful application in human studies. This review describes some general purposes of human biomonitoring and biomarkers including the requirements for validation. Risk assessment and harm reduction of smoking and tobacco products, respectively, is a very suitable field for the application of biomarkers. A brief historical review shows that the application of biomarkers of exposure and effect in human smoking goes back more than 150 years. Two 'classical' biomarkers of exposure to tobacco, namely carboxyhemoglobin (COHb and its equivalent carbon monoxide in exhalate, COex) and thiocyanate (SCN) in body fluids are discussed in terms of sources of exposure, metabolism, disposition kinetics and influencing host factors. Data on COHb/COex and SCN in nonsmokers and smokers as well as the power to discriminate between smokers and nonsmokers are presented. Both biomarkers are significantly correlated with the daily cigarette consumption. Smoking machine-derived yields of the precursors carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide were not correlated with COHb/COex and SCN, respectively. It is concluded that, while COHb/COex is a useful biomarker for assessing the smoke inhalation, preferably in controlled studies, the application of SCN in body fluids as a biomarker for smoking is limited, mainly due to the abundance of other sources for SCN.
人体体液中生物标志物的测定是一种有用的工具，它可以对化学物质或化学物质复杂混合物的暴露情况以及暴露所致的早期生物学效应进行定量评估。生物标志物在成功应用于人体研究之前需要进行验证。本综述描述了人体生物监测和生物标志物的一些一般用途，包括验证的要求。吸烟和烟草制品的风险评估及危害降低分别是生物标志物应用的一个非常合适的领域。简要的历史回顾表明，暴露和效应生物标志物在人类吸烟中的应用可追溯到150多年前。本文从暴露源、代谢、处置动力学和影响宿主因素等方面讨论了两种“经典”的烟草暴露生物标志物，即体液中的碳氧血红蛋白（COHb及其呼气中等效的一氧化碳COex）和硫氰酸盐（SCN）。给出了非吸烟者和吸烟者中COHb/COex和SCN的数据以及区分吸烟者和非吸烟者的能力。这两种生物标志物均与每日吸烟量显著相关。吸烟机产生的一氧化碳和氰化氢前体的产量分别与COHb/COex和SCN无关。结论是，虽然COHb/COex是评估烟雾吸入的有用生物标志物，最好用于对照研究，但体液中SCN作为吸烟生物标志物的应用有限，主要是因为SCN还有其他大量来源。
