van Maris Antonius J A, Abbott Derek A, Bellissimi Eleonora, van den Brink Joost, Kuyper Marko, Luttik Marijke A H, Wisselink H Wouter, Scheffers W Alexander, van Dijken Johannes P, Pronk Jack T
Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628, BC, Delft, The Netherlands.
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2006 Nov;90(4):391-418. doi: 10.1007/s10482-006-9085-7. Epub 2006 Oct 11.
Fuel ethanol production from plant biomass hydrolysates by Saccharomyces cerevisiae is of great economic and environmental significance. This paper reviews the current status with respect to alcoholic fermentation of the main plant biomass-derived monosaccharides by this yeast. Wild-type S. cerevisiae strains readily ferment glucose, mannose and fructose via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway of glycolysis, while galactose is fermented via the Leloir pathway. Construction of yeast strains that efficiently convert other potentially fermentable substrates in plant biomass hydrolysates into ethanol is a major challenge in metabolic engineering. The most abundant of these compounds is xylose. Recent metabolic and evolutionary engineering studies on S. cerevisiae strains that express a fungal xylose isomerase have enabled the rapid and efficient anaerobic fermentation of this pentose. L: -Arabinose fermentation, based on the expression of a prokaryotic pathway in S. cerevisiae, has also been established, but needs further optimization before it can be considered for industrial implementation. In addition to these already investigated strategies, possible approaches for metabolic engineering of galacturonic acid and rhamnose fermentation by S. cerevisiae are discussed. An emerging and major challenge is to achieve the rapid transition from proof-of-principle experiments under 'academic' conditions (synthetic media, single substrates or simple substrate mixtures, absence of toxic inhibitors) towards efficient conversion of complex industrial substrate mixtures that contain synergistically acting inhibitors.
酿酒酵母利用植物生物质水解产物生产燃料乙醇具有重大的经济和环境意义。本文综述了该酵母对主要植物生物质衍生单糖进行酒精发酵的现状。野生型酿酒酵母菌株可通过糖酵解的Embden-Meyerhof途径轻易发酵葡萄糖、甘露糖和果糖，而半乳糖则通过Leloir途径发酵。构建能将植物生物质水解产物中其他潜在可发酵底物高效转化为乙醇的酵母菌株是代谢工程中的一项重大挑战。这些化合物中含量最丰富的是木糖。最近对表达真菌木糖异构酶的酿酒酵母菌株进行的代谢和进化工程研究，已实现了这种戊糖的快速高效厌氧发酵。基于在酿酒酵母中表达原核途径的L-阿拉伯糖发酵也已建立，但在考虑工业化应用之前还需要进一步优化。除了这些已研究的策略外，还讨论了酿酒酵母对半乳糖醛酸和鼠李糖发酵进行代谢工程的可能方法。一个新出现的重大挑战是要实现从“学术”条件下（合成培养基、单一底物或简单底物混合物、无有毒抑制剂）的原理验证实验向高效转化含有协同作用抑制剂的复杂工业底物混合物的快速转变。
