Akerstedt Torbjörn
IPM and Karolinska institutet, Bex 230, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
Physiol Behav. 2007 Feb 28;90(2-3):209-18. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.09.007. Epub 2006 Oct 17.
Altered sleep/wake patterns involve, by definition, displaced sleep. The present review concludes that mental performance is strongly influenced by many forms of displaced sleep. Being exposed to the circadian low (during work/activity), extended time awake or reduced duration of sleep will impair performance. The effect is most pronounced in the laboratory setting, however, even if a number of studies have shown effects of for example night work on neuropsychological tests, and simulated work. In real shift work situations performance changes have been less pronounced. No studies have evaluated the effects on production, but accidents and serious mistakes have been clearly established in road transport and there seems to be clear effects also in health care. The effects are similar in connection with flights across several time zones (jet lag) but less data are available. It is suggested that there is a need for establishing the significance of impaired performance due to work hours in white collar and service work. Also the notion of individual differences in performance impairment is an important issue.
根据定义，睡眠/觉醒模式的改变涉及睡眠移位。本综述得出结论，多种形式的睡眠移位对心理表现有强烈影响。在昼夜节律低谷期（工作/活动期间）、长时间清醒或睡眠时间缩短，都会损害表现。这种影响在实验室环境中最为明显，不过，即使有多项研究表明夜班等对神经心理测试和模拟工作有影响。在实际轮班工作情况下，表现变化不太明显。尚无研究评估对生产的影响，但在道路运输中已明确证实存在事故和严重失误，在医疗保健领域似乎也有明显影响。跨多个时区飞行（时差反应）时的影响类似，但相关数据较少。建议有必要确定白领和服务行业工作时长导致表现受损的重要性。此外，表现受损的个体差异概念也是一个重要问题。
