Pozio Edoardo, Darwin Murrell K
Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
Adv Parasitol. 2006;63:367-439. doi: 10.1016/S0065-308X(06)63005-4.
In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the systematics, ecology and epidemiology of Trichinella and trichinellosis, and the impact of recent research discoveries on the understanding of this zoonosis. The epidemiology of this zoonosis has experienced important changes over the past two decades, especially with regard to the importance of the sylvatic cycle and the sylvatic species. Outbreaks of trichinellosis due to Trichinella spiralis from domestic swine, while still frequent, increasingly are caused by other Trichinella spp. infecting hosts such as horses, dogs, wild boars, bears and walruses. The latter revelations have occurred as a result of a series of discoveries on the systematics of Trichinella spp., facilitated by new molecular tools. As a consequence, the genus is now composed of two clades, an encapsulated group (five species and three genotypes) and a non-encapsulated one (three species). This has sparked renewed investigations on the host range of these parasites and their epidemiological features. Most dramatic, perhaps, is the recognition that reptiles may also serve as hosts for certain species. This new knowledge base, in addition to having an important relevance for food safety policies and protection measures, is raising important questions on the phylogeny of Trichinella spp., the ecological characteristics of the species and their geographic histories. Answers to these questions may have great value for the understanding of the evolutionary biology for other parasitic helminths, and may increase the value of this genus as models for research on parasitism in general.
在本综述中，我们描述了关于旋毛虫属及旋毛虫病的系统分类学、生态学和流行病学的现有知识，以及近期研究发现对理解这种人畜共患病的影响。在过去二十年中，这种人畜共患病的流行病学发生了重大变化，特别是在野生动物循环及野生动物种的重要性方面。由家猪体内的旋毛形线虫引起的旋毛虫病暴发虽然仍然频繁，但越来越多地是由其他旋毛虫属物种感染马、狗、野猪、熊和海象等宿主所致。这些新发现是在新的分子工具推动下，对旋毛虫属系统分类学进行一系列研究的结果。因此，该属现在由两个进化枝组成，一个是有包囊类群（五个种和三个基因型），另一个是无包囊类群（三个种）。这引发了对这些寄生虫宿主范围及其流行病学特征的重新研究。也许最引人注目的是认识到爬行动物也可能是某些旋毛虫物种的宿主。这一新的知识库除了对食品安全政策和保护措施具有重要意义外，还引发了关于旋毛虫属系统发育、物种生态特征及其地理历史的重要问题。这些问题的答案对于理解其他寄生蠕虫的进化生物学可能具有重要价值，并且可能会提高该属作为一般寄生现象研究模型的价值。
