Botzenhart K
Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Tübingen, BRD.
Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2007 Mar;50(3):296-301. doi: 10.1007/s00103-007-0155-4.
Viruses in drinking water can cause infectious diseases. In the past, hepatitis A and E were the most frequently observed drinking- water-borne viral infections, but in recent years several small- and large-scale norovirus epidemics have been described, even in Europe. All virus species spread via drinking water are of fecal origin. They are regularly identified in waste water even after conventional multi-stage water treatment. The approved disinfection methods can cope with these viruses if they are not integrated in larger particles. For this reason particle separation is particularly important in water treatment. Virological tests are not reliable enough to ensure that drinking water is sufficiently virus-free. The examination of 100 mL of water for E. coli and coliform bacteria is not adequate proof either. If potentially contaminated raw water is used, consumer safety must be ensured by calculating the performance of water treatment plants on a case-by-case basis. Such a calculation takes into account the virus load of the raw water, the efficiency of the physical and chemical particle elimination steps and the effect of disinfection. Those factors which determine the effectiveness of disinfection, namely concentration and exposure time or UV radiation strength, must be adjusted according to the risk of viral infection, and calculated settings must be adhered to, even if favorable E. coli levels may make them seem excessive.
饮用水中的病毒可引发传染病。过去，甲型和戊型肝炎是最常见的经饮用水传播的病毒感染，但近年来，即使在欧洲，也出现了几起小规模和大规模的诺如病毒疫情。所有通过饮用水传播的病毒种类均源自粪便。即便经过传统的多阶段水处理，它们仍经常在废水中被检测到。如果病毒未附着于较大颗粒上，已获批准的消毒方法能够应对这些病毒。因此，颗粒分离在水处理中尤为重要。病毒学检测的可靠性不足以确保饮用水中完全没有病毒。检测100毫升水中的大肠杆菌和大肠菌群也不足以作为充分的证据。如果使用了可能被污染的原水，必须逐案计算水处理厂的运行情况，以确保消费者安全。这种计算要考虑原水的病毒载量、物理和化学颗粒去除步骤的效率以及消毒效果。那些决定消毒效果的因素，即浓度、接触时间或紫外线辐射强度，必须根据病毒感染风险进行调整，并且即使有利的大肠杆菌水平可能使计算设置看起来过高，也必须遵守计算得出的设置。
