Srivastava Smita, Srivastava Ashok K
Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India.
Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2007 Jan-Mar;27(1):29-43. doi: 10.1080/07388550601173918.
Plant cell cultivations are being considered as an alternative to agricultural processes for producing valuable phytochemicals. Since many of these products (secondary metabolites) are obtained by direct extraction from plants grown in natural habitat, several factors can alter their yield. The use of plant cell cultures has overcome several inconveniences for the production of these secondary metabolites. Organized cultures, and especially root cultures, can make a significant contribution in the production of secondary metabolites. Most of the research efforts that use differentiated cultures instead of cell suspension cultures have focused on transformed (hairy) roots. Agrobacterium rhizogenes causes hairy root disease in plants. The neoplastic (cancerous) roots produced by A. rhizogenes infection are characterized by high growth rate, genetic stability and growth in hormone free media. These genetically transformed root cultures can produce levels of secondary metabolites comparable to that of intact plants. Hairy root cultures offer promise for high production and productivity of valuable secondary metabolites (used as pharmaceuticals, pigments and flavors) in many plants. The main constraint for commercial exploitation of hairy root cultivations is the development and scaling up of appropriate reactor vessels (bioreactors) that permit the growth of interconnected tissues normally unevenly distributed throughout the vessel. Emphasis has focused on designing appropriate bioreactors suitable to culture the delicate and sensitive plant hairy roots. Recent reactors used for mass production of hairy roots can roughly be divided as liquid-phase, gas-phase, or hybrid reactors. The present review highlights the nature, applications, perspectives and scale up of hairy root cultures for the production of valuable secondary metabolites.
植物细胞培养正被视为一种替代农业生产过程来生产有价值植物化学物质的方法。由于许多此类产品（次生代谢产物）是通过直接从自然栖息地生长的植物中提取获得的，因此有几个因素会改变它们的产量。植物细胞培养的使用克服了生产这些次生代谢产物的一些不便之处。组织培养，尤其是根培养，在次生代谢产物的生产中可以做出重大贡献。大多数使用分化培养而非细胞悬浮培养的研究工作都集中在转化（毛状）根上。发根农杆菌会导致植物患毛根病。由发根农杆菌感染产生的肿瘤性（癌性）根的特点是生长速度快、遗传稳定性高且能在无激素培养基中生长。这些基因转化的根培养物能够产生与完整植物相当水平的次生代谢产物。毛状根培养为许多植物中高产量和高生产率地生产有价值的次生代谢产物（用作药物、色素和香料）带来了希望。毛状根培养商业化开发的主要限制在于开发和扩大合适的反应器容器（生物反应器），这种反应器要能使相互连接的组织生长，而这些组织通常在整个容器中分布不均匀。重点一直放在设计适合培养脆弱且敏感的植物毛状根的合适生物反应器上。最近用于大规模生产毛状根的反应器大致可分为液相、气相或混合反应器。本综述重点介绍了用于生产有价值次生代谢产物的毛状根培养的性质、应用、前景及放大培养。
