Fiedler Matthew J, Chen Shing-Jye, Judkins Timothy N, Oleynikov Dmitry, Stergiou Nick
HPER Biomechanics Lab, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA.
Stud Health Technol Inform. 2007;125:127-9.
Virtual reality (VR) simulation has been used to improve training for manual laparoscopy and to give surgeons superior performance in the operating room. However, VR has not been used to train surgeons in robotic laparoscopy.
Five students of the University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) and the University of Nebraska at Omaha gave consent according to UNMC ethical guidelines.
Subjects performed with the Da Vinci robotic surgical system 5 trials for each of two tasks (Bimanual Carrying, BC; Needle Passing, NP). Each task was performed first in the actual robotic operating environment and then in VR. The data analysis included time to task completion, instrument tips distance traveled and the corresponding speed, and range of motion of the elbow flexion and extension of each subject.
The BC and NP tasks were not significantly different between the two environments with respect to robot tip speed and the elbow range of motion for both arms. Time to task completion and distance traveled were significantly different between the two environments for both tasks. Survey results showed that subjects partially agreed that it was easy to adapt to VR and felt comfortable manipulating the robot controls in VR. They also suggested that they would like to have VR as part of their regular training. Our preliminary efforts showed promise that our VR environment is valid and it can be used for training of robotic laparoscopy. However, the differences identified need to be further explored and point to the need to further improve our VR simulation.
虚拟现实（VR）模拟已被用于改进手动腹腔镜手术的培训，并使外科医生在手术室中表现更出色。然而，VR尚未用于培训机器人腹腔镜手术的外科医生。
内布拉斯加大学医学中心（UNMC）和奥马哈内布拉斯加大学的五名学生根据UNMC的伦理准则给予了同意。
受试者使用达芬奇机器人手术系统对两项任务（双手搬运，BC；穿针，NP）各进行5次试验。每项任务首先在实际的机器人手术环境中进行，然后在VR中进行。数据分析包括任务完成时间、器械尖端移动的距离和相应速度，以及每个受试者肘部屈伸的运动范围。
在机器人尖端速度和双臂肘部运动范围方面，两种环境下的BC和NP任务没有显著差异。两项任务在两种环境下的任务完成时间和移动距离存在显著差异。调查结果显示，受试者部分同意适应VR很容易，并且在VR中操作机器人控制感到舒适。他们还建议希望将VR作为常规培训的一部分。我们的初步努力表明，我们的VR环境是有效的，可用于机器人腹腔镜手术的培训。然而，所发现的差异需要进一步探索，并表明需要进一步改进我们的VR模拟。
