Binder Manfred, Hibbett David S
Clark University, Biology Department, Lasry Center for Bioscience, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610-1477, USA.
Mycologia. 2006 Nov-Dec;98(6):971-81. doi: 10.3852/mycologia.98.6.971.
Historical patterns of morphological evolution and ecology in the Boletales are largely unresolved but appear to involve extensive convergence. We studied phylogenetic relationships of Boletales based on two datasets. The nuc-lsu dataset is broadly sampled and includes roughly 30% of the described species of Boletales and 51 outgroup taxa across the Hymenomycetes. The multigene dataset (nuc-ssu, nuc-lsu, 5.8S, mt-lsu, atp6) sampled 42 key species of Boletales in a framework of 14 representative Hymenomycetes. The Boletales are strongly supported as monophyletic in our analyses on both datasets with parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches. Six major lineages of Boletales that currently are recognized on subordinal level, Boletineae, Paxillineae, Sclerodermatineae, Suillineae, Tapinellineae, Coniophorineae, received varied support. The backbone of the Boletales was moderately resolved in the analyses with the nuc-lsu dataset, but support was strong for most major groups. Nevertheless, most brown-rot producing forms were placed as a paraphyletic grade at the base of the Boletales. Analyses on the multigene dataset confirm sister group relationships among Boletales, Agaricales and Atheliales. Boletineae and Suillineae received the highest support values; Paxillineae and Sclerodermatineae were not consistently resolved as monophyletic groups. The Coniophorineae were not monophyletic in any analyses. The Tapinellineae consisting of morphologically diverse brown-rotting fungi forms the basal group in the Boletales. We performed ancestral state reconstruction with BayesMultiState, which suggested that the ancestor of the Boletales was a resupinate or polyporoid saprotrophic fungus, producing a brown-rot.
牛肝菌目的形态进化和生态历史模式在很大程度上尚未得到解决，但似乎涉及广泛的趋同现象。我们基于两个数据集研究了牛肝菌目的系统发育关系。核糖体大亚基（nuc-lsu）数据集抽样广泛，包括约30%已描述的牛肝菌目物种以及伞菌纲中的51个外类群分类单元。多基因数据集（核糖体小亚基、核糖体大亚基、5.8S、线粒体核糖体大亚基、ATP合酶亚基6）在14个有代表性的伞菌纲框架内抽样了42个牛肝菌目的关键物种。在我们使用简约法、最大似然法和贝叶斯方法对两个数据集进行的分析中，牛肝菌目被强烈支持为单系类群。目前在亚目水平上被认可的牛肝菌目的六个主要谱系，牛肝菌亚目、桩菇亚目、硬皮马勃亚目、红菇牛肝菌亚目、垂幕菇亚目、卧孔菌亚目，得到了不同程度的支持。在对核糖体大亚基数据集的分析中，牛肝菌目的主干得到了适度的解析，但对大多数主要类群的支持很强。然而，大多数产生褐腐的类群被置于牛肝菌目基部的一个并系类群等级。对多基因数据集的分析证实了牛肝菌目、伞菌目和无褶菌目之间的姐妹群关系。牛肝菌亚目和红菇牛肝菌亚目得到了最高的支持值；桩菇亚目和硬皮马勃亚目并未始终被解析为单系类群。卧孔菌亚目在任何分析中都不是单系的。由形态多样的褐腐真菌组成的垂幕菇亚目构成了牛肝菌目的基部类群。我们使用BayesMultiState进行了祖先状态重建，结果表明牛肝菌目的祖先为一种平伏或多孔状的腐生真菌，产生褐腐。
