Cox Gemma, Sharples Sarah, Stedmon Alex, Wilson John
Human Factors Research Group, School of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
Appl Ergon. 2007 Jul;38(4):425-35. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2007.01.014. Epub 2007 May 10.
The complex systems of the flightdeck (FD) and the Air Traffic Control Centre (ATC) are characterised by numerous concurrently operating and interacting communication channels between people and between people and machines/computer systems. This paper describes work in support of investigating the impact of changes to technologies and responsibilities within this system with respect to human factors. It focuses primarily on the introduction of datalink (text-based communication rather than traditional radio communication) and the move towards freeflight (pilot-mediated air traffic control). Air traffic management investigations have outlined these specific changes as strategies to enable further increases in the volume of air traffic. A systems approach was taken and field studies were conducted. Small numbers of domain experts such as air traffic controllers (ATCOs) were involved in the field-based observations of how people interact with systems and each other. This paper summarises the overall research approach taken and then specifically reports on the field-based observations including the justification, development, and findings of the observation tool used. The observation tool examined information propagation through the air traffic control-flightdeck (ATC-FD) system, and resulted in models of possible information trajectories through the system.
驾驶舱（FD）和空中交通管制中心（ATC）的复杂系统的特点是，人员之间以及人员与机器/计算机系统之间存在众多同时运行且相互作用的通信渠道。本文描述了为支持调查该系统内技术和职责变化对人为因素的影响而开展的工作。它主要关注数据链（基于文本的通信而非传统无线电通信）的引入以及向自由飞行（飞行员主导的空中交通管制）的转变。空中交通管理调查已将这些具体变化概述为实现空中交通量进一步增长的策略。采用了系统方法并进行了实地研究。少量领域专家，如空中交通管制员（ATCO）参与了关于人员如何与系统以及彼此之间互动的实地观察。本文总结了所采用的总体研究方法，然后具体报告实地观察情况，包括所使用观察工具的依据、开发过程和结果。该观察工具研究了通过空中交通管制 - 驾驶舱（ATC - FD）系统的信息传播，并得出了通过该系统的可能信息轨迹模型。
