Tejada M, Gonzalez J L, García-Martínez A M, Parrado J
Departamento de Cristalografía, Mineralogía y Química Agrícola, EUITA Universidad de Sevilla, Crta de Utrera km 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.
Bioresour Technol. 2008 Apr;99(6):1758-67. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.03.052. Epub 2007 May 18.
The utilization of green manures as alternatives to reduce the use of mineral fertilizers is considered a good agricultural practice. However, the effect of each green manure on soil properties and crop yield depends upon its chemical composition. The main objective of this work was to study the effect of incorporating three green manures originating from residues of Trifolium pratense, L. (TP), Brassica napus, L. (BN), and the mixture of TP+BN at rates of 5384 and 8973 kg C ha(-1), on soil biological properties (soil microbial biomass-C, soil respiration and soil enzymatic activities), nutrition (leaf N, P and K concentration, pigments and soluble carbohydrate concentrations) and yield parameters of maize (Zea mays cv. Tundra) crop for four years on an Typic Xerofluvent located near Sevilla (Guadalquivir Valley, Andalusia, Spain). All green manures had a positive effect on the soil biological properties, plant nutrition an crop yield parameters, although at the end of the experimental period and at the high organic matter rate, the soil microbial biomass and dehydrogenase, urease, beta-glucosidase, phosphatase and arylsulfatase activities increased more significantly in the TP amended soils (79.2%, 92.1%, 93.9%, 99.3%, 87.9% and 96%, respectively) respect to the control soil, followed by TP+BN amended soils (77.3%, 90.9%, 92.8%, 99.1%, 84.4% and 95.7%, respectively) and BN amended soils (76%, 90.1%, 91.7%, 99%, 83.2% and 95.2%, respectively). Since these soil enzymatic activities measured are responsible for important cycles such as C, N, P and S, an increase of leaf N, P an K contents and pigments and soluble carbohydrate contents were highest in TP amended soils, followed by TP+BN and BN treatments. The application of TP in soils at high doses increased the grain protein concentration, number of grains corncob(-1) and crop yield 44.6%, 6.3% and 22.1%, respectively, compared with the control soil, followed by TP+BN treatment (41.7%, 5.7% and 20.8%, respectively) and BN treatment (39%, 5.3% and 20%, respectively). The explanation of these results can be a consequence to the different chemical composition of the green manures applied to the soils and its mineralization, aspect controlled by the soil C/N ratio.
利用绿肥替代矿物肥料被认为是一种良好的农业实践。然而，每种绿肥对土壤性质和作物产量的影响取决于其化学组成。这项工作的主要目的是研究以5384和8973 kg C ha(-1)的施用量，将三种源自红三叶草（Trifolium pratense, L.，TP）、甘蓝型油菜（Brassica napus, L.，BN）残体以及TP+BN混合物的绿肥施用于西班牙塞维利亚附近（瓜达尔基维尔河谷，安达卢西亚）的典型干润雏形土上，对土壤生物学性质（土壤微生物量碳、土壤呼吸和土壤酶活性）、养分（叶片氮、磷和钾浓度、色素和可溶性碳水化合物浓度）以及玉米（Zea mays cv. Tundra）作物产量参数的影响，为期四年。所有绿肥对土壤生物学性质、植物养分和作物产量参数均有积极影响，尽管在试验期末且在高有机质施用量下，TP改良土壤中土壤微生物量以及脱氢酶、脲酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、磷酸酶和芳基硫酸酯酶活性相对于对照土壤分别显著增加了79.2%、92.1%、93.9%、99.3%、87.9%和96%，其次是TP+BN改良土壤（分别为77.3%、90.9%、92.8%、99.1%、84.4%和95.7%）和BN改良土壤（分别为76%、90.1%、91.7%、99%、83.2%和95.2%）。由于所测定的这些土壤酶活性参与碳、氮、磷和硫等重要循环，TP改良土壤中叶片氮、磷和钾含量以及色素和可溶性碳水化合物含量的增加最为显著，其次是TP+BN和BN处理。与对照土壤相比，高剂量施用TP的土壤中谷物蛋白质浓度、每玉米穗粒数和作物产量分别增加了44.6%、6.3%和22.1%，其次是TP+BN处理（分别为41.7%、5.7%和20.8%）和BN处理（分别为39%、5.3%和20%）。这些结果的解释可能是由于施用至土壤中的绿肥化学组成不同及其矿化作用，而这一过程受土壤碳氮比控制。
