Marshall Randall D, Bryant Richard A, Amsel Lawrence, Suh Eun Jung, Cook Joan M, Neria Yuval
Trauma Studies and Services Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA.
Am Psychol. 2007 May-Jun;62(4):304-16. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.62.4.304.
There are now replicated findings that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms related to the September 11, 2001, attacks occurred in large numbers of persons who did not fit the traditional definition of exposure to a traumatic event. These data are not explained by traditional epidemiologic "bull's eye" disaster models, which assume the psychological effects are narrowly, geographically circumscribed, or by existing models of PTSD onset. In this article, the authors develop a researchable model to explain these and other terrorism-related phenomena by synthesizing research and concepts from the cognitive science, risk appraisal, traumatic stress, and anxiety disorders literatures. They propose the new term relative risk appraisal to capture the psychological function that is the missing link between the event and subjective response in these and other terrorism-related studies to date. Relative risk appraisal highlights the core notion from cognitive science that human perception is an active, multidimensional process, such that for unpredictable societal threats, proximity to the event is only one of several factors that influence behavioral responses. Addressing distortions in relative risk appraisal effectively could reduce individual and societal vulnerability to a wide range of adverse economic and ethnopolitical consequences to terrorist attacks. The authors present ways in which these concepts and related techniques can be helpful in treating persons with September 11- or terrorism-related distress or psychopathology.
目前有重复性研究发现，与2001年9月11日袭击事件相关的创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）症状在大量不符合创伤事件暴露传统定义的人群中出现。这些数据无法用传统流行病学的“靶心”灾难模型来解释，该模型假定心理影响在地理范围上是有限的，也无法用现有的PTSD发病模型来解释。在本文中，作者通过整合认知科学、风险评估、创伤应激和焦虑症文献中的研究与概念，开发了一个可研究的模型来解释这些以及其他与恐怖主义相关的现象。他们提出了“相对风险评估”这一新术语，以捕捉心理功能，而这一心理功能是迄今为止这些以及其他与恐怖主义相关研究中事件与主观反应之间缺失的环节。相对风险评估突出了认知科学的核心概念，即人类感知是一个主动的、多维度的过程，因此对于不可预测的社会威胁，与事件的接近程度只是影响行为反应的几个因素之一。有效解决相对风险评估中的偏差可以降低个人和社会对恐怖袭击造成的广泛不利经济和民族政治后果的脆弱性。作者介绍了这些概念和相关技术在治疗与9·11事件或恐怖主义相关的痛苦或精神病理学患者方面可能有用的方式。
