Conrad Ansgar, Müller Anett, Doberenz Sigrun, Kim Sunyoung, Meuret Alicia E, Wollburg Eileen, Roth Walton T
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, and the Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2007 Jun;32(2):89-98. doi: 10.1007/s10484-007-9034-x. Epub 2007 May 23.
Stressed and tense individuals often are recommended to change the way they breathe. However, psychophysiological effects of breathing instructions on respiration are rarely measured. We tested the immediate effects of short and simple breathing instructions in 13 people seeking treatment for panic disorder, 15 people complaining of daily tension, and 15 controls. Participants underwent a 3-hour laboratory session during which instructions to direct attention to breathing and anti-hyperventilation instructions to breathe more slowly, shallowly, or both were given. Respiratory, cardiac, and electrodermal measures were recorded. The anti-hyperventilation instructions failed to raise end-tidal pCO(2) above initial baseline levels for any of the groups because changes in respiratory rate were compensated for by changes in tidal volume and vice versa. Paying attention to breathing significantly reduced respiratory rate and decreased tidal volume instability compared to the other instructions. Shallow breathing made all groups more anxious than did other instructions. Heart rate and skin conductance were not differentially affected by instructions. We conclude that simple and short instructions to alter breathing do not change respiratory or autonomic measures in the direction of relaxation, except for attention to breathing, which increases respiratory stability. To understand the results of breathing instructions for stress and anxiety management, respiration needs to be monitored physiologically.
压力大且紧张的人常常被建议改变呼吸方式。然而，呼吸指导对呼吸的心理生理影响却很少被测量。我们测试了简短且简单的呼吸指导对13名寻求恐慌症治疗的人、15名抱怨日常紧张的人以及15名对照组人员的即时影响。参与者在实验室进行了3小时的实验，期间给出了引导注意力到呼吸的指导以及让呼吸更慢、更浅或二者兼具的抗过度通气指导。记录了呼吸、心脏和皮肤电活动指标。对于所有组，抗过度通气指导均未能使呼气末二氧化碳分压升高至初始基线水平之上，因为呼吸频率的变化被潮气量的变化所补偿，反之亦然。与其他指导相比，关注呼吸显著降低了呼吸频率，并减少了潮气量的不稳定性。与其他指导相比，浅呼吸使所有组都更加焦虑。指导对心率和皮肤电导率没有差异影响。我们得出结论，除了关注呼吸能增加呼吸稳定性外，改变呼吸的简单且简短的指导并不会朝着放松的方向改变呼吸或自主神经指标。为了理解呼吸指导对压力和焦虑管理的效果，需要从生理角度监测呼吸情况。
