Mumford J A
Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom.
Rev Sci Tech. 2007 Apr;26(1):69-90.
Antigenic diversity among ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses occurs as a result of rapid mutation during replication and recombination/reassortment between genetic material of related strains during co-infections. Variants which have a selective advantage in terms of ability to spread or to avoid host immunity become established within populations. Examples of antigenically diverse viruses include influenza, foot and mouth disease (FMD) and bluetongue (BT). Effective vaccination against such viruses requires surveillance programmes to monitor circulating serotypes and their evolution to ensure that vaccine strains match field viruses. A formal vaccine strain selection scheme for equine influenza has been established under the auspices of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) based on an international surveillance programme. A regulatory framework has been put in place to allow rapid updating of vaccine strains withoutthe need to provide full registration data for licensing the updated vaccine. While there is extensive surveillance of FMD worldwide and antigenic and genetic characterisation of isolates, there is no formal vaccine strain selection system. A coordinated international effort has been initiated to agree harmonised approaches to virus characterisation which is aimed at providing the basis for an internationally agreed vaccine matching system for FMD supported by the OIE. The emergence and spread of BT in Europe have resulted in an intensification of vaccine evaluation in terms of safety and efficacy, particularly cross-protection within and between serotypes. The most important requirement for producing vaccines against viruses displaying antigenic diversity is a method of measuring antigenic distances between strains and developing an understanding of how these distances relate to cross-protection. Antigenic cartography, a new computational method of quantifying antigenic distances between strains has been applied to human and equine influenza to examine the significance of viral evolution in relation to vaccine strains. This method is highly applicable to other important pathogens displaying antigenic diversity, such as FMD.
核糖核酸（RNA）病毒之间的抗原多样性是由于复制过程中的快速突变以及共感染期间相关毒株遗传物质之间的重组/重配所致。在传播能力或逃避宿主免疫方面具有选择优势的变异株会在群体中确立下来。抗原性多样的病毒实例包括流感、口蹄疫（FMD）和蓝舌病（BT）。针对此类病毒的有效疫苗接种需要监测计划来监测流行血清型及其演变，以确保疫苗毒株与野外病毒匹配。在世界动物卫生组织（OIE）的主持下，基于一项国际监测计划，已建立了马流感疫苗毒株的正式选择方案。已建立了一个监管框架，以便在无需为更新疫苗的许可提供完整注册数据的情况下快速更新疫苗毒株。虽然全球对口蹄疫进行了广泛监测以及对分离株进行了抗原和基因特征分析，但尚无正式的疫苗毒株选择系统。已启动了一项国际协调努力，以商定统一的病毒特征分析方法，旨在为OIE支持的国际商定的口蹄疫疫苗匹配系统提供基础。蓝舌病在欧洲的出现和传播导致了在安全性和有效性方面，特别是血清型内和血清型间的交叉保护方面，疫苗评估的强化。生产针对具有抗原多样性的病毒的疫苗的最重要要求是一种测量毒株之间抗原距离并了解这些距离与交叉保护之间关系的方法。抗原绘图是一种量化毒株之间抗原距离的新计算方法，已应用于人类和马流感，以研究病毒进化与疫苗毒株相关的意义。该方法高度适用于其他具有抗原多样性的重要病原体，如口蹄疫。
