Plumlee Megan H, López-Mesas Montserrat, Heidlberger Andy, Ishida Kenneth P, Reinhard Martin
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Terman Engineering Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4020, USA.
Water Res. 2008 Jan;42(1-2):347-55. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.022. Epub 2007 Jul 26.
N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a probable human carcinogen found in ng/l concentrations in chlorinated and chloraminated water. A method was developed for the determination of ng/l levels of NDMA using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) preceded by sample concentration via solid-phase extraction with activated charcoal. Recoveries were greater than 90% and allowed a method reporting limit as low as 2ng/l. Using this method, the removal of NDMA was determined for the Interim Water Purification Facility (IWPF), an advanced wastewater treatment facility operated by the Orange County Water District (OCWD) in Southern California. The facility treats effluent from an activated sludge treatment plant with microfiltration (MF), reverse osmosis (RO), and an ultraviolet-hydrogen peroxide advanced oxidation process (UV-AOP). Six nitrosamines were surveyed: NDMA, N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA), N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine (NDPA), N-nitrosopiperidine (NPip), and N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPyr). Only NDMA was detected and at all treatment steps in the IWPF, with influent concentrations ranging from 20 to 59 ng/l. Removals for RO and UV ranged from 24% to 56% and 43% to 66%, respectively. Overall, 69+/-7% of the original NDMA concentration was removed from the product water across the advanced treatment process and, in combination with blending, the final concentration did not exceed the California drinking water notification level of 10 ng/l. NDMA removal data are consistent with findings reviewed for other advanced treatment facilities and laboratory studies.
N-亚硝基二甲胺（NDMA）是一种可能的人类致癌物，在氯化水和氯胺化水中的浓度为纳克/升级别。开发了一种方法，通过用活性炭进行固相萃取对样品进行浓缩，然后使用液相色谱-串联质谱法（LC-MS/MS）来测定纳克/升水平的NDMA。回收率大于90%，方法报告限低至2纳克/升。使用该方法，对临时水净化设施（IWPF）的NDMA去除情况进行了测定，该设施是南加州橙县水区（OCWD）运营的一座先进废水处理设施。该设施采用微滤（MF）、反渗透（RO）和紫外-过氧化氢高级氧化工艺（UV-AOP）处理活性污泥处理厂的出水。对六种亚硝胺进行了检测：NDMA、N-亚硝基甲乙胺（NMEA）、N-亚硝基二乙胺（NDEA）、N-亚硝基二正丙胺（NDPA）、N-亚硝基哌啶（NPip）和N-亚硝基吡咯烷（NPyr）。在IWPF的所有处理步骤中仅检测到了NDMA，进水浓度范围为20至59纳克/升。RO和UV的去除率分别为24%至56%和43%至66%。总体而言，在整个深度处理过程中，产品水中69±7%的原始NDMA浓度被去除，并且通过混合，最终浓度未超过加利福尼亚州饮用水通知水平10纳克/升。NDMA去除数据与其他先进处理设施和实验室研究的审查结果一致。
