Witcombe J R, Hollington P A, Howarth C J, Reader S, Steele K A
CAZS Natural Resources, University of Wales, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2008 Feb 27;363(1492):703-16. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2179.
Using cereal crops as examples, we review the breeding for tolerance to the abiotic stresses of low nitrogen, drought, salinity and aluminium toxicity. All are already important abiotic stress factors that cause large and widespread yield reductions. Drought will increase in importance with climate change, the area of irrigated land that is salinized continues to increase, and the cost of inorganic N is set to rise. There is good potential for directly breeding for adaptation to low N while retaining an ability to respond to high N conditions. Breeding for drought and salinity tolerance have proven to be difficult, and the complex mechanisms of tolerance are reviewed. Marker-assisted selection for component traits of drought in rice and pearl millet and salinity tolerance in wheat has produced some positive results and the pyramiding of stable quantitative trait locuses controlling component traits may provide a solution. New genomic technologies promise to make progress for breeding tolerance to these two stresses through a more fundamental understanding of underlying processes and identification of the genes responsible. In wheat, there is a great potential of breeding genetic resistance for salinity and aluminium tolerance through the contributions of wild relatives.
以谷类作物为例，我们综述了针对低氮、干旱、盐度和铝毒等非生物胁迫的耐受性育种。所有这些已经都是重要的非生物胁迫因素，会导致大面积且广泛的产量下降。随着气候变化，干旱的影响将愈发重要，盐碱化灌溉土地的面积持续增加，无机氮成本也将上涨。直接培育适应低氮环境同时又保留对高氮条件响应能力具有很大潜力。事实证明，培育耐旱和耐盐品种很困难，文中对复杂的耐受机制进行了综述。对水稻和珍珠粟干旱组成性状以及小麦耐盐性进行标记辅助选择已取得了一些积极成果，控制组成性状的稳定数量性状位点的聚合可能提供一种解决方案。新的基因组技术有望通过更深入了解潜在过程并鉴定相关基因，在培育对这两种胁迫的耐受性方面取得进展。在小麦中，通过野生近缘种的贡献，培育耐盐和耐铝遗传抗性具有很大潜力。
