Haus Erhard
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Health Partners Medical Group, Regions Hospital, 640 Jackson Street, St. Paul, Minnesota 55101, USA.
Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2007 Aug 31;59(9-10):985-1014. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.01.001. Epub 2007 Jul 14.
Biological signaling occurs in a complex web with participation and interaction of the central nervous system, the autonomous nervous system, the endocrine glands, peripheral endocrine tissues including the intestinal tract and adipose tissue, and the immune system. All of these show an intricate time structure with rhythms and pulsatile variations in multiple frequencies. Circadian (about 24-hour) and circannual (about 1-year) rhythms are kept in step with the cyclic environmental surrounding by the timing and length of the daily light span. Rhythmicity of many endocrine variables is essential for their efficacy and, even in some instances, for the qualitative nature of their effects. Indeed, the continuous administration of certain hormones and their synthetic analogues may show substantially different effects than expected. In the design of drug-delivery systems and treatment schedules involving directly or indirectly the endocrine system, consideration of the human time organization is essential. A large amount of information on the endocrine time structure has accumulated, some of which is discussed in this review.
生物信号传导发生在一个复杂的网络中，涉及中枢神经系统、自主神经系统、内分泌腺、包括肠道和脂肪组织在内的外周内分泌组织以及免疫系统的参与和相互作用。所有这些都显示出一种复杂的时间结构，具有多种频率的节律和脉动变化。昼夜节律（约24小时）和年节律（约1年）通过每日光照时长的时间和长度与周期性的环境保持同步。许多内分泌变量的节律性对其功效至关重要，甚至在某些情况下，对其作用的性质也至关重要。事实上，持续施用某些激素及其合成类似物可能会显示出与预期大不相同的效果。在设计直接或间接涉及内分泌系统的药物递送系统和治疗方案时，考虑人体时间组织至关重要。关于内分泌时间结构的大量信息已经积累起来，本文将讨论其中的一些信息。
