Antoni Dominik, Zverlov Vladimir V, Schwarz Wolfgang H
Institute of Resource and Energy Technology, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephaner Steig 22, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007 Nov;77(1):23-35. doi: 10.1007/s00253-007-1163-x. Epub 2007 Sep 22.
Today, biomass covers about 10% of the world's primary energy demand. Against a backdrop of rising crude oil prices, depletion of resources, political instability in producing countries and environmental challenges, besides efficiency and intelligent use, only biomass has the potential to replace the supply of an energy hungry civilisation. Plant biomass is an abundant and renewable source of energy-rich carbohydrates which can be efficiently converted by microbes into biofuels, of which, only bioethanol is produced on an industrial scale today. Biomethane is produced on a large scale, but is not yet utilised for transportation. Biobutanol is on the agenda of several companies and may be used in the near future as a supplement for gasoline, diesel and kerosene, as well as contributing to the partially biological production of butyl-t-butylether, BTBE as does bioethanol today with ETBE. Biohydrogen, biomethanol and microbially made biodiesel still require further development. This paper reviews microbially made biofuels which have potential to replace our present day fuels, either alone, by blending, or by chemical conversion. It also summarises the history of biofuels and provides insight into the actual production in various countries, reviewing their policies and adaptivity to the energy challenges of foreseeable future.
如今，生物质能满足了全球约10%的一次能源需求。在原油价格上涨、资源枯竭、产油国政治动荡以及环境挑战的背景下，除了提高效率和智能利用外，唯有生物质能有潜力取代对能源需求巨大的现代文明的能源供应。植物生物质是一种丰富的可再生能源，富含碳水化合物，微生物可将其高效转化为生物燃料，目前只有生物乙醇实现了工业化生产。生物甲烷虽已大规模生产，但尚未用于交通运输。生物丁醇已被多家公司提上议程，有望在不久的将来用作汽油、柴油和煤油的补充燃料，并且像如今生物乙醇用于生产乙基叔丁基醚（ETBE）一样，有助于丁基叔丁基醚（BTBE）的部分生物合成。生物氢、生物甲醇以及微生物制造的生物柴油仍需进一步研发。本文综述了具有潜力单独、通过混合或化学转化来取代现有燃料的微生物制造的生物燃料。同时总结了生物燃料的发展历程，深入探讨了各国的实际生产情况，审视了它们的政策以及对可预见未来能源挑战的适应性。
