Gredebäck Gustaf, von Hofsten Claes
Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Postboks 1094, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
Prog Brain Res. 2007;164:265-82. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(07)64015-1.
At around 4 months of age, infants predict the reappearance of temporary occluded objects. Younger infants have not demonstrated such an ability, but they still benefit from experience; decreasing their reactive saccade latencies over successive passages from the earliest age tested (7 weeks of age). We argue that prediction is not an all or none process that infants either lack or possess. Instead, the ability to predict the reappearance of an occluded object is dependent on numerous simultaneous factors, including the occlusion duration, the manner in which the object disappears, and previous experiences with similar events. Furthermore, we claim that infants' understanding of how occluded objects move is based on prior experiences with similar events. Initially, infants extrapolate occluded object motion, because they have massive experience with such motion. But infants also have the ability to rapidly adjust to novel trajectories that violate their initial expectations. All of these findings support a constructivist view of infants object representations.
在大约4个月大时，婴儿能够预测暂时被遮挡物体的再次出现。更小的婴儿尚未表现出这种能力，但他们仍能从经验中受益；从最早测试的年龄（7周龄）开始，在连续的过程中，他们的反应性扫视潜伏期会缩短。我们认为，预测并非婴儿要么缺乏要么具备的全有或全无的过程。相反，预测被遮挡物体再次出现的能力取决于众多同时存在的因素，包括遮挡持续时间、物体消失的方式以及之前对类似事件的经历。此外，我们声称婴儿对被遮挡物体如何移动的理解基于之前对类似事件的经历。最初，婴儿会外推被遮挡物体的运动，因为他们对此类运动有大量经验。但婴儿也有能力迅速适应违背其最初预期的新轨迹。所有这些发现都支持了关于婴儿物体表征的建构主义观点。
