Wolf R, Heisenberg M
Institut für Genetik und Mikrobiologie der Universität, Würzburg, FRG.
J Comp Physiol A. 1991 Dec;169(6):699-705. doi: 10.1007/BF00194898.
Operant behavior is studied in tethered Drosophila flies using visual motion, heat or odour as operandum and yaw torque, thrust or direction of flight as operans in various combinations (Fig. 1). On the basis of these results a conceptual framework of operant behavior is proposed: (1) It requires a goal (desired state) of which the actual state deviates. (2) To attain the goal a range of motor programs is activated (initiating activity, see Fig. 7). (3) Efference copies of the motor programs are compared to the sensory input referring to the deviation from the desired state (e.g. by cross-correlation). (4) In case of a significant coincidence the respective motor program is used to modify the sensory input in the direction towards the goal. (5) Consistent control of a sensory stimulus by a behavior may lead to a more permanent behavioral change (conditioning). In this scheme operant activity (1-4) and operant conditioning (1-5) are distinguished.
利用视觉运动、热或气味作为操作对象，以及偏航扭矩、推力或飞行方向作为操作因子的各种组合，对拴系果蝇的操作性行为进行了研究（图1）。基于这些结果，提出了一个操作性行为的概念框架：（1）它需要一个实际状态与之偏离的目标（期望状态）。（2）为了实现目标，一系列运动程序被激活（启动活动，见图7）。（3）将运动程序的传出副本与参照期望状态偏差的感觉输入进行比较（例如通过互相关）。（4）在显著一致的情况下，相应的运动程序用于朝着目标方向修改感觉输入。（5）行为对感觉刺激的持续控制可能导致更持久的行为改变（条件作用）。在这个方案中，区分了操作性活动（1-4）和操作性条件作用（1-5）。
