Singh Surya, Nalwa Hari Singh
West Ranch High School, 26255 W Valencia Blvd., Stevenson Ranch, California 91381, USA.
J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2007 Sep;7(9):3048-70. doi: 10.1166/jnn.2007.922.
The field of nanotechnology has recently emerged as the most commercially viable technology of this century because of its wide-ranging applications in our daily lives. Man-made nanostructured materials such as fullerenes, nanoparticles, nanopowders, nanotubes, nanowires, nanorods, nanofibers, quantum dots, dendrimers, nanoclusters, nanocrystals, and nanocomposites are globally produced in large quantities due to their wide potential applications, e.g., in skincare and consumer products, healthcare, electronics, photonics, biotechnology, engineering products, pharmaceuticals, drug delivery, and agriculture. Human exposure to these nanostructured materials is inevitable, as they can enter the body through the lungs or other organs via food, drink, and medicine and affect different organs and tissues such as the brain, liver, kidney, heart, colon, spleen, bone, blood, etc., and may cause cytotoxic effects, e.g., deformation and inhibition of cell growth leading to various diseases in humans and animals. Since a very wide variety of nanostructured materials exits, their interactions with biological systems and toxicity largely depend upon their properties, such as size, concentration, solubility, chemical and biological properties, and stability. The toxicity of nanostructured materials could be reduced by chemical approaches such by surface treatment, functionalization, and composite formation. This review summarizes the sources of various nanostructured materials and their human exposure, biocompatibility in relation to potential toxicological effects, risk assessment, and safety evaluation on human and animal health as well as on the environment.
由于纳米技术在我们日常生活中的广泛应用，它已成为本世纪最具商业可行性的技术领域。人造纳米结构材料，如富勒烯、纳米颗粒、纳米粉末、纳米管、纳米线、纳米棒、纳米纤维、量子点、树枝状大分子、纳米团簇、纳米晶体和纳米复合材料，因其广泛的潜在应用，如在护肤品和消费品、医疗保健、电子、光子学、生物技术、工程产品、制药、药物递送和农业等领域的应用，而在全球大量生产。人类不可避免地会接触到这些纳米结构材料，因为它们可以通过食物、饮料和药物经肺部或其他器官进入人体，影响不同的器官和组织，如大脑、肝脏、肾脏、心脏、结肠、脾脏、骨骼、血液等，并可能导致细胞毒性效应，如细胞生长的变形和抑制，从而引发人类和动物的各种疾病。由于存在非常多种类的纳米结构材料，它们与生物系统的相互作用和毒性在很大程度上取决于它们的性质，如尺寸、浓度、溶解度、化学和生物学性质以及稳定性。可以通过化学方法，如表面处理、功能化和复合形成来降低纳米结构材料的毒性。本综述总结了各种纳米结构材料的来源及其对人类的暴露情况、与潜在毒理学效应相关的生物相容性、风险评估以及对人类和动物健康以及环境的安全评价。
