Stuhrmann Heinrich B
GKSS Forschungszentrum, Geesthacht, Germany, and Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, CEA/CNRS/UJF, F-38027 Grenoble, France.
Acta Crystallogr A. 2008 Jan;64(Pt 1):181-91. doi: 10.1107/S0108767307046569. Epub 2007 Dec 21.
Methods of contrast variation are tools that are essential in macromolecular structure research. Anomalous dispersion of X-ray diffraction is widely used in protein crystallography. Recent attempts to extend this method to native resonant labels like sulfur and phosphorus are promising. Substitution of hydrogen isotopes is central to biological applications of neutron scattering. Proton spin polarization considerably enhances an existing contrast prepared by isotopic substitution. Concepts and methods of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) become an important ingredient in neutron scattering from dynamically polarized targets.
对比变化方法是大分子结构研究中必不可少的工具。X射线衍射的反常散射在蛋白质晶体学中被广泛应用。最近将这种方法扩展到硫和磷等天然共振标记物的尝试很有前景。氢同位素的取代是中子散射生物学应用的核心。质子自旋极化大大增强了通过同位素取代制备的现有对比度。核磁共振（NMR）的概念和方法成为动态极化靶中子散射的重要组成部分。
