Gustafsson Mats, Blomqvist Göran, Gudmundsson Anders, Dahl Andreas, Swietlicki Erik, Bohgard Mats, Lindbom John, Ljungman Anders
Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Linköping, Sweden.
Sci Total Environ. 2008 Apr 15;393(2-3):226-40. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.12.030. Epub 2008 Feb 6.
In regions where studded tyres and traction material are used during winter, e.g. the Nordic countries, northern part of USA, Canada, and Japan, mechanically generated particles from traffic are the main reason for high particle mass concentrations in busy street and road environments. In many Nordic municipalities the European environmental quality standard for inhalable particles (PM(10)) is exceeded due to these particles. In this study, particles from the wear of studded and studless friction tyres on two pavements and traction sanding were generated using a road simulator. The particles were characterized using particle sizers, Particle Induced X-Ray Emission Analysis and electron microscopy. Cell studies were conducted on particles sampled from the tests with studded tyres and compared with street environment, diesel exhaust and subway PM(10), respectively. The results show that in the road simulator, where resuspension is minimized, studded tyres produce tens of times more particles than friction tyres. Chemical analysis of the sampled particles shows that the generated wear particles consist almost entirely of minerals from the pavement stone material, but also that Sulfur is enriched for the submicron particles and that Zink is enriched for friction tyres for all particles sizes. The chemical data can be used for source identification and apportionment in urban aerosol studies. A mode of ultra-fine particles was also present and is hypothesised to originate in the tyres. Further, traction material properties affect PM(10) emission. The inflammatory potential of the particles from wear of pavements seems to depend on type of pavement and can be at least as potent as diesel exhaust particles. The results imply that there is a need and a good potential to reduce particle emission from pavement wear and winter time road and street operation by adjusting both studded tyre use as well as pavement and traction material properties.
在冬季使用防滑轮胎和牵引材料的地区，如北欧国家、美国北部、加拿大和日本，交通产生的机械颗粒是繁忙街道和道路环境中颗粒物质量浓度高的主要原因。在许多北欧城市，由于这些颗粒，可吸入颗粒物（PM(10)）超出了欧洲环境质量标准。在本研究中，使用道路模拟器产生了两种路面上防滑和无防滑摩擦轮胎磨损以及牵引撒砂产生的颗粒。使用颗粒粒度分析仪、粒子诱导X射线发射分析和电子显微镜对颗粒进行了表征。对从防滑轮胎测试中采样的颗粒进行了细胞研究，并分别与街道环境、柴油尾气和地铁PM(10)进行了比较。结果表明，在道路模拟器中，重悬浮最小化的情况下，防滑轮胎产生的颗粒比摩擦轮胎多几十倍。对采样颗粒的化学分析表明，产生的磨损颗粒几乎完全由路面石材中的矿物质组成，但亚微米颗粒中硫含量富集，所有粒径的摩擦轮胎中锌含量富集。化学数据可用于城市气溶胶研究中的源识别和分配。还存在一种超细颗粒模式，推测其起源于轮胎。此外，牵引材料特性会影响PM(10)排放。路面磨损颗粒的炎症潜力似乎取决于路面类型，其炎症潜力至少与柴油尾气颗粒一样强。结果表明，通过调整防滑轮胎的使用以及路面和牵引材料的特性，有必要且有很大潜力减少路面磨损以及冬季道路和街道作业产生的颗粒物排放。
