Scipioni A, Mauroy A, Vinjé J, Thiry E
Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Virology and Viral Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
Vet J. 2008 Oct;178(1):32-45. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.11.012. Epub 2008 Feb 21.
Among enteric caliciviruses, noroviruses belong to the genus Norovirus, one of the four accepted genera in the family Caliciviridae. These single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses are highly variable both genetically and antigenically. Several animal enteric caliciviruses that are morphologically indistinguishable and genetically closely related to human noroviruses have been identified. The first bovine enteric noroviruses were described in Great Britain and are known as Newbury Agent 2. At least three genetic clusters of porcine noroviruses join together within genogroup II noroviruses. Human noroviruses are the most important cause of acute gastroenteritis illness in people of all ages. In the USA, they are associated with approximately 30-50% of all food-borne outbreaks. Until now, noroviruses have not been associated with gastroenteritis outbreaks in immunocompetent animals. Neither bovine nor porcine noroviruses can replicate in cell culture, although human norovirus can grow in a complex 3D culture system. However, the recently discovered murine noroviruses can replicate in cell culture and are therefore used as model viruses to study human noroviruses. This review focusses on virus classification, virion structure, pathogenesis, epidemiology, immune response and diagnosis of animal noroviruses in comparison with human noroviruses. The classification of animal enteric caliciviruses within the Norovirus genus raises the question of whether transmission from an animal reservoir to humans could occur. Answering this question is important in determining the risk of cross-species infections affecting the epidemiology and evolution of these viruses and so complicating the control of human norovirus infections.
在肠道杯状病毒中，诺如病毒属于诺如病毒属，是杯状病毒科四个公认的属之一。这些单链、正义RNA病毒在基因和抗原方面高度可变。已经鉴定出几种在形态上无法区分且在基因上与人类诺如病毒密切相关的动物肠道杯状病毒。首批牛肠道诺如病毒在英国被描述，被称为纽伯里因子2。至少三个猪诺如病毒基因簇在基因群II诺如病毒中聚合在一起。人类诺如病毒是各年龄段人群急性胃肠炎疾病的最重要病因。在美国，它们与约30%-50%的食源性疫情有关。到目前为止，诺如病毒尚未与免疫功能正常动物的胃肠炎疫情相关联。牛和猪的诺如病毒都不能在细胞培养中复制，尽管人类诺如病毒可以在复杂的三维培养系统中生长。然而，最近发现的鼠诺如病毒可以在细胞培养中复制，因此被用作研究人类诺如病毒的模型病毒。本综述重点比较了动物诺如病毒与人诺如病毒在病毒分类、病毒粒子结构、发病机制、流行病学、免疫反应和诊断方面的情况。诺如病毒属内动物肠道杯状病毒的分类引发了一个问题，即是否可能发生从动物宿主向人类的传播。回答这个问题对于确定跨物种感染影响这些病毒的流行病学和进化并使人类诺如病毒感染控制复杂化的风险很重要。
