Partovi M Hossein
Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University, Sacramento, CA 95819-6041, USA.
Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2008 Feb;77(2 Pt 1):021110. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.77.021110. Epub 2008 Feb 11.
The crucial role of ambient correlations in determining thermodynamic behavior is established. A class of entangled states of two macroscopic systems is constructed such that each component is in a state of thermal equilibrium at a given temperature, and when the two are allowed to interact heat can flow from the colder to the hotter system. A dilute gas model exhibiting this behavior is presented. This reversal of the thermodynamic arrow is a consequence of the entanglement between the two systems, a condition that is opposite to molecular chaos and shown to be unlikely in a low-entropy environment. By contrast, the second law is established by proving Clausius' inequality in a low-entropy environment. These general results strongly support the expectation, first expressed by Boltzmann and subsequently elaborated by others, that the second law is an emergent phenomenon which requires a low-entropy cosmological environment, one that can effectively function as an ideal information sink.
环境关联在决定热力学行为方面的关键作用得以确立。构建了一类由两个宏观系统组成的纠缠态，使得每个组分在给定温度下处于热平衡态，并且当这两个系统相互作用时，热量能够从较冷的系统流向较热的系统。给出了一个表现出这种行为的稀薄气体模型。这种热力学箭头的反转是两个系统之间纠缠的结果，这种情况与分子混沌相反，并且在低熵环境中不太可能出现。相比之下，通过在低熵环境中证明克劳修斯不等式来确立第二定律。这些一般性结果有力地支持了最初由玻尔兹曼提出、随后由其他人详细阐述的期望，即第二定律是一种涌现现象，它需要一个低熵的宇宙学环境，一个能够有效充当理想信息汇的环境。
