Rosewich M, Adler S, Zielen S
Klinikum und Fachbereich Medizin-Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Zentrum für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin.
Pneumologie. 2008 Jul;62(7):423-9. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1038202. Epub 2008 Jul 3.
Tobacco abuse is especially a public health problem among children and teenagers in Germany. While the proportion of adolescents smoking regularly was 18% in 1997, this has increased to more than 30% in 2001. The high impact of peer groups in young people aggravates the development of smoking habits. Furthermore, an addiction to nicotine develops mainly before the age of 20 (80% of all adults smokers have started as teenagers). Early and continued damage to health will result in long-term sequelae due to immaturity of the organs. Fortunately, the proportion of smoking adolescents has decreased in the last few years. Besides the well known effects of active smoking, children are especially endangered by environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Exposure to cigarette smoke during pregnancy is directly correlated to premature rupture of the membranes, premature birth, delayed foetal development, and reduced lung function. Children are suffering from impairments of their health not only due to ETS exposure in utero but also after birth (e. g., diseases of upper and lower airways, delayed physical and mental development). Therefore, the prevention of active and passive smoking must be intensified and should consider the special situation of children and adolescents.
在德国，烟草滥用尤其是儿童和青少年中的一个公共卫生问题。1997年，经常吸烟的青少年比例为18%，而到2001年这一比例已增至30%以上。同龄人团体对年轻人的巨大影响加剧了吸烟习惯的养成。此外，尼古丁成瘾主要在20岁之前形成（所有成年吸烟者中有80%在青少年时期就开始吸烟）。由于器官尚未发育成熟，早期和持续的健康损害将导致长期后遗症。幸运的是，在过去几年中，吸烟青少年的比例有所下降。除了主动吸烟的已知影响外，儿童尤其受到环境烟草烟雾（ETS）的危害。孕期接触香烟烟雾与胎膜早破、早产、胎儿发育迟缓以及肺功能降低直接相关。儿童不仅在子宫内接触ETS会损害健康，出生后也会受到影响（例如，上、下呼吸道疾病，身心发育迟缓）。因此，必须加强对主动和被动吸烟的预防，并且应考虑儿童和青少年的特殊情况。
