Andrews Judy A, Peterson Missy
Oregon Research Institute.
J Subst Use. 2006;11(5):305-321. doi: 10.1080/14659890500419774.
The purpose of this paper was to examine the development of social images or prototypes of cigarette, alcohol and marijuana users among children in the 1(st) through 8th grade using a Guttman unidimensional scaling approach. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were 1075 1(st) through 5(th) grade children who completed annual assessments for four years. FINDINGS: The properties of a Guttman scale consisting of three sequential prototypes, (a) popular, (b) popular and exciting, and (c) popular, exciting and cool, were within acceptable limits for all three substances for 2nd through 8th graders, suggesting that these prototypes were scaleable and represented a single dimension. Prototypes became more positive after the 5th grade and varied by gender. Prototypes, moderated by age and gender, were related to intention to use substances in the future. DISCUSSION: Findings suggest that children's prototypes of substance users are unidimensional and cumulative for all three substances and that they develop sequentially. The relation of prototypes to intention among children in the 2(nd) through the 8(th) grade support the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Prototype/Willingness model, but suggest incorporating age and gender. CONCLUSIONS: Children as young as 2(nd) grade can reliably make valid judgments about attributes of kids who use substances. Results of this study have both theoretical and practical implications.
本文旨在采用古特曼单维量表法，研究一至八年级儿童对香烟、酒精和大麻使用者的社会形象或原型的认知发展情况。
参与者为1075名一至五年级儿童，他们连续四年接受年度评估。
由三个连续原型组成的古特曼量表的特性，即（a）受欢迎的，（b）受欢迎且令人兴奋的，以及（c）受欢迎、令人兴奋且很酷的，对于二至八年级学生使用的所有三种物质来说，都在可接受范围内，这表明这些原型是可量化的，并且代表了一个单一维度。五年级之后，原型变得更加积极，且因性别而异。受年龄和性别调节的原型与未来使用物质的意图相关。
研究结果表明，儿童对物质使用者的原型在所有三种物质上都是单维且累积的，并且是按顺序发展的。二至八年级儿童的原型与意图之间的关系支持计划行为理论和原型/意愿模型，但建议纳入年龄和性别因素。
二年级的儿童就能可靠地对使用物质的孩子的属性做出有效的判断。本研究结果具有理论和实践意义。
