Tallis Heather, Kareiva Peter, Marvier Michelle, Chang Amy
Department of Biology and Natural Capital Project, Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Jul 15;105(28):9457-64. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0705797105. Epub 2008 Jul 9.
The core idea of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is that the human condition is tightly linked to environmental condition. This assertion suggests that conservation and development projects should be able to achieve both ecological and social progress without detracting from their primary objectives. Whereas "win-win" projects that achieve both conservation and economic gains are a commendable goal, they are not easy to attain. An analysis of World Bank projects with objectives of alleviating poverty and protecting biodiversity revealed that only 16% made major progress on both objectives. Here, we provide a framework for anticipating win-win, lose-lose, and win-lose outcomes as a result of how people manage their ecosystem services. This framework emerges from detailed explorations of several case studies in which biodiversity conservation and economic development coincide and cases in which there is joint failure. We emphasize that scientific advances around ecosystem service production functions, tradeoffs among multiple ecosystem services, and the design of appropriate monitoring programs are necessary for the implementation of conservation and development projects that will successfully advance both environmental and social goals. The potentially bright future of jointly advancing ecosystem services, conservation, and human well-being will be jeopardized unless a global monitoring effort is launched that uses the many ongoing projects as a grand experiment.
千年生态系统评估的核心观点是，人类状况与环境状况紧密相连。这一论断表明，保护和发展项目应能在不偏离其主要目标的情况下实现生态和社会进步。虽然实现保护和经济收益双赢的项目是一个值得称赞的目标，但却不易实现。一项对旨在减轻贫困和保护生物多样性的世界银行项目的分析表明，只有16%的项目在这两个目标上都取得了重大进展。在此，我们提供一个框架，用于预测人们管理其生态系统服务所产生的双赢、双输和输赢结果。这个框架源自对几个生物多样性保护与经济发展相契合的案例研究以及联合失败案例的详细探索。我们强调，围绕生态系统服务生产功能、多种生态系统服务之间的权衡以及适当监测项目的设计等方面的科学进展，对于成功推进环境和社会目标的保护与发展项目的实施至关重要。除非发起一项全球监测工作，将众多正在进行的项目作为一个大型试验，否则共同推进生态系统服务、保护和人类福祉的潜在光明未来将受到威胁。
