Brett Daniel J L, Atkinson Alan, Brandon Nigel P, Skinner Stephen J
Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for CO2 Technology, UCL, London, UK.
Chem Soc Rev. 2008 Aug;37(8):1568-78. doi: 10.1039/b612060c. Epub 2008 May 28.
High temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), typified by developers such as Siemens Westinghouse and Rolls-Royce, operate in the temperature region of 850-1000 degrees C. For such systems, very high efficiencies can be achieved from integration with gas turbines for large-scale stationary applications. However, high temperature operation means that the components of the stack need to be predominantly ceramic and high temperature metal alloys are needed for many balance-of-plant components. For smaller scale applications, where integration with a heat engine is not appropriate, there is a trend to move to lower temperatures of operation, into the so-called intermediate temperature (IT) range of 500-750 degrees C. This expands the choice of materials and stack geometries that can be used, offering reduced system cost and, in principle, reducing the corrosion rate of stack and system components. This review introduces the IT-SOFC and explains the advantages of operation in this temperature regime. The main advances made in materials chemistry that have made IT operation possible are described and some of the engineering issues and the new opportunities that reduced temperature operation affords are discussed. This tutorial review examines the advances being made in materials and engineering that are allowing solid oxide fuel cells to operate at lower temperature. The challenges and advantages of operating in the so-called 'intermediate temperature' range of 500-750 degrees C are discussed and the opportunities for applications not traditionally associated with solid oxide fuel cells are highlighted. This article serves as an introduction for scientists and engineers interested in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells and the challenges and opportunities of reduced temperature operation.
以西门子西屋公司和劳斯莱斯等开发商为代表的高温固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC），工作温度范围为850 - 1000摄氏度。对于此类系统，通过与燃气轮机集成用于大规模固定应用，可实现非常高的效率。然而，高温运行意味着电池堆的组件主要需要是陶瓷材料，并且许多厂用平衡组件需要高温金属合金。对于较小规模的应用，与热机集成不合适，因此有朝着更低运行温度发展的趋势，进入所谓的500 - 750摄氏度的中温（IT）范围。这扩大了可使用的材料和电池堆几何形状的选择，降低了系统成本，并且原则上降低了电池堆和系统组件的腐蚀速率。本综述介绍了中温固体氧化物燃料电池，并解释了在该温度范围运行的优势。描述了使中温运行成为可能的材料化学方面的主要进展，并讨论了一些工程问题以及低温运行带来的新机遇。本教程综述探讨了材料和工程方面的进展，这些进展使固体氧化物燃料电池能够在更低温度下运行。讨论了在500 - 750摄氏度所谓的“中温”范围内运行的挑战和优势，并强调了与传统上不与固体氧化物燃料电池相关的应用机会。本文为对中温固体氧化物燃料电池以及低温运行的挑战和机遇感兴趣的科学家和工程师提供了一个介绍。
