Nia Masoud Saghafi, Nafissi Nahid, Moharamzad Yashar
Trauma Research Center, Baqiyatallah Medical Sciences University, Tehran, Iran.
Prehosp Disaster Med. 2008 May-Jun;23(3):263-8; discussion 269.
On 26 December 2003, a catastrophic earthquake measuring 6.6 on the Richter scale devastated large areas of the city of Bam in southeastern Iran. More than 40,000 people died, tens of thousands were injured, and almost 20,000 homes were destroyed. Many national and international search-and-rescue teams were dispatched to the area to provide medical and health services and assist in the evacuation of survivors to undamaged areas.
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the opinions of survivors about medical responses provided, and the process of reconstruction of health infrastructures.
This was a descriptive study performed two years after the earthquake. Stratified, two-stage area sampling was used to enroll 211 survivors into the survey. A designed questionnaire was applied to evaluate the respondents' opinions about medical and health responses. The respondents were asked to score their satisfaction on a variety of services on a five-point scale, with 1 being "very poor" and 5 being "very good".
Family members and relatives comprised the majority of first responders for those injured or trapped (127, 60.2%). Field hospitals deployed by the Red Crescent, international relief teams, and military forces were the first medical facilities for 98 (46.4%) of the casualties. As denoted by the mean values for the satisfaction scores, transportation by aircraft to the backup hospitals received the highest score (4.2), followed by international assistance (4.1), first medical care (3.5), search and rescue (3.3), primary transportation (3.1), and reconstruction and the quality of access to the infrastructures of the city (2.6). Two years after the earthquake, 151 (71.5%) respondents still were living in connexes (temporary accommodations or shelters for victims to live in; resemble a small hotel), only 33 (15.6%) had access to safe drinking water, and 44 (20.9%) did not have sufficient supplies of sanitary food.
In addition to reinforcing the medical and health infrastructures of a society in accordance with geographical and architectural characteristics, effective air evacuation and relief missions carried out by experienced international relief teams can play an important role in the appropriate management of approximately 30,000 casualties after a catastrophic event, such as experience with the Bam Earthquake.
2003年12月26日，一场里氏6.6级的灾难性地震摧毁了伊朗东南部城市巴姆的大片地区。4万多人死亡，数万人受伤，近2万所房屋被摧毁。许多国家和国际搜救队被派往该地区提供医疗和卫生服务，并协助将幸存者疏散到未受破坏的地区。
本研究的目的是评估幸存者对所提供医疗应对措施以及卫生基础设施重建过程的看法。
这是一项在地震发生两年后进行的描述性研究。采用分层两阶段区域抽样法，招募211名幸存者参与调查。使用一份设计好的问卷来评估受访者对医疗和卫生应对措施的看法。要求受访者对各种服务的满意度进行五分制评分，1分为“非常差”，5分为“非常好”。
对于受伤或被困人员，家庭成员和亲属构成了大多数的第一响应者（127人，占60.2%）。由红新月会、国际救援团队和军队部署的野战医院是98名（46.4%）伤亡人员的首个医疗设施。从满意度评分的平均值来看，乘飞机转运至后备医院得分最高（4.2），其次是国际援助（4.1）、首次医疗护理（3.5）、搜救（3.3）、主要交通（3.1）以及重建和城市基础设施的可达质量（2.6）。地震两年后，151名（71.5%）受访者仍居住在活动板房（为受害者提供的临时住所或避难所，类似小旅馆）中，只有33名（15.6%）能获得安全饮用水，44名（20.9%）没有足够的卫生食品供应。
除了根据地理和建筑特点加强社会的医疗和卫生基础设施外，经验丰富的国际救援团队开展的有效空中疏散和救援任务，在灾难性事件（如巴姆地震）后对约30000名伤亡人员的妥善管理中可发挥重要作用。
