Killgore William D S, Grugle Nancy L, Killgore Desiree B, Leavitt Brian P, Watlington George I, McNair Shanelle, Balkin Thomas J
Neuroimaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
Aviat Space Environ Med. 2008 Sep;79(9):867-74. doi: 10.3357/asem.2259.2008.
Sleep deprivation alters risk-related judgments, decision-making, and behavioral control. Stimulant medications are used to restore cognitive performance, but their effects on risk-taking and judgment in sleep-deprived subjects have not been explored.
There were 54 healthy adults (29 men, 25 women; age range 18 to 36) who completed a test of cognitive ability and daily measures of risk-taking propensity, including the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS), Evaluation of Risks (EVAR) scale, and the Balloon Analog RiskTask (BART). Following 44 h of continuous wakefulness, participants ingested caffeine 600 mg (N = 12), dextroamphetamine 20 mg (N = 16), modafinil 400 mg (N = 12), or a placebo (N = 14) in a double blind manner, and completed risk-taking measures 2 h later (i.e., 0535).
Relative to rested baseline, the placebo group showed a decline in risk-taking as measured by the BSSS (16% decline), EVAR Danger Seeking (32% decline) and Energy (22% decline), and BART (32% decline), consistent with previous reports of the effects of sleep deprivation. Comparisons among drug conditions showed that dextroamphetamine restored risk-taking propensity and risky behavior to baseline levels, an effect that was significantly greater than placebo or caffeine for several indices of risk-taking, but which did not differ from modafinil. Cognitive ability was significantly correlated with changes on some risk-taking indices following stimulant administration.
Stimulant medications, particularly dextroamphetamine, sustained risk-related attitudes and behavior during continuous wakefulness. The extent to which stimulants restore other aspects of judgment during sleep loss remains to be determined.
睡眠剥夺会改变与风险相关的判断、决策和行为控制。兴奋剂药物被用于恢复认知表现，但它们对睡眠剥夺受试者的冒险行为和判断的影响尚未得到研究。
54名健康成年人（29名男性，25名女性；年龄范围18至36岁）完成了一项认知能力测试以及冒险倾向的日常测量，包括简版感觉寻求量表（BSSS）、风险评估（EVAR）量表和气球模拟风险任务（BART）。在持续清醒44小时后，参与者以双盲方式摄入600毫克咖啡因（N = 12）、20毫克右旋苯丙胺（N = 16）、400毫克莫达非尼（N = 12）或安慰剂（N = 14），并在2小时后（即0535）完成冒险测量。
与休息时的基线相比，安慰剂组在BSSS（下降16%）、EVAR寻求危险（下降32%）和活力（下降22%）以及BART（下降32%）测量中显示出冒险行为下降，这与先前关于睡眠剥夺影响的报告一致。药物条件之间的比较表明，右旋苯丙胺将冒险倾向和冒险行为恢复到基线水平，对于几个冒险指标，这种效果显著大于安慰剂或咖啡因，但与莫达非尼没有差异。兴奋剂给药后，认知能力与一些冒险指标的变化显著相关。
兴奋剂药物，特别是右旋苯丙胺，在持续清醒期间维持了与风险相关的态度和行为。兴奋剂在睡眠丧失期间恢复判断其他方面的程度仍有待确定。
