Lopez Maria J, Nebot Manel, Albertini Marco, Birkui Pierre, Centrich Francesc, Chudzikova Monika, Georgouli Maria, Gorini Giuseppe, Moshammer Hanns, Mulcahy Maurice, Pilali Maria, Serrahima Eulalia, Tutka Piotr, Fernandez Esteve
Evaluation and Intervention Methods Unit, Public Health Agency of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Environ Health Perspect. 2008 Nov;116(11):1469-72. doi: 10.1289/ehp.11374. Epub 2008 Jul 18.
Although in the last few years some European countries have implemented smoking bans in hospitality venues, the levels of secondhand smoke (SHS) in this occupational sector could still be extremely high in most countries.
The aim of this study was to assess exposure to SHS in hospitality venues in 10 European cities.
We included 167 hospitality venues (58 discotheques and pubs, 82 restaurants and cafeterias, and 27 fast-food restaurants) in this cross-sectional study. We carried out fieldwork in 10 European cities: Vienna (Austria), Paris (France), Athens (Greece), Florence and Belluno (Italy), Galway (Ireland), Barcelona (Spain), Warsaw and Lublin (Poland), and Bratislava (Slovak Republic). We measured vapor-phase nicotine as an SHS marker.
We analyzed 504 samples and found nicotine in most samples (97.4%). We found the highest median concentrations in discos/pubs [32.99 microg/m(3); interquartile range (IQR), 8.06-66.84 microg/m(3)] and lower median concentrations in restaurants/cafeterias (2.09 microg/m(3); IQR, 0.49-6.73 microg/m(3)) and fast-food restaurants (0.31 microg/m(3); IQR, 0.11-1.30 microg/m(3)) (p < 0.05). We found differences of exposure between countries that may be related to their smoking regulations. Where we sampled smoking and nonsmoking areas, nicotine concentrations were significantly lower in nonsmoking areas.
Hospitality venues from European cities without smoking regulations have very high levels of SHS exposure. Monitoring of SHS on a regular basis as well as a total smoking ban in hospitality sector would be needed.
尽管在过去几年中，一些欧洲国家已在公共场所实施了禁烟令，但在大多数国家，该职业领域的二手烟水平可能仍然极高。
本研究旨在评估欧洲10个城市公共场所的二手烟暴露情况。
在这项横断面研究中，我们纳入了167个公共场所（58家迪斯科舞厅和酒吧、82家餐厅和咖啡馆以及27家快餐店）。我们在10个欧洲城市开展了实地调查：维也纳（奥地利）、巴黎（法国）、雅典（希腊）、佛罗伦萨和贝卢诺（意大利）、戈尔韦（爱尔兰）、巴塞罗那（西班牙）、华沙和卢布林（波兰）以及布拉迪斯拉发（斯洛伐克共和国）。我们将气相尼古丁作为二手烟的标志物进行测量。
我们分析了504个样本，发现大多数样本（97.4%）中含有尼古丁。我们发现迪斯科舞厅/酒吧中的尼古丁中位数浓度最高[32.99微克/立方米；四分位数间距（IQR），8.06 - 66.84微克/立方米]，而餐厅/咖啡馆（2.09微克/立方米；IQR，0.49 - 6.73微克/立方米）和快餐店（0.31微克/立方米；IQR，0.11 - 1.30微克/立方米）中的尼古丁中位数浓度较低（p < 0.05）。我们发现不同国家之间的暴露差异可能与其吸烟法规有关。在我们对吸烟区和非吸烟区进行采样的地方，非吸烟区的尼古丁浓度显著较低。
欧洲没有吸烟法规的城市的公共场所二手烟暴露水平非常高。需要定期监测二手烟，并在公共场所全面禁烟。
