Smith Albert F, Baxter Suzanne Domel, Hardin James W, Royer Julie A, Guinn Caroline H
Department of Psychology, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA.
Nutr Res. 2008 Sep;28(9):600-8. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.04.003.
In dietary recall for a specified target period, an intrusion denotes an item reported eaten that was not consumed during that period. Intrusions may denote items available during the specified period, items consumed during other periods, or items from general knowledge of dietary intake. To investigate a cognitive basis of intrusions, we analyzed data from a dietary-reporting validation study in which 69 fourth-grade children were observed eating 2 school meals (breakfast and lunch) and interviewed that evening about that day's intake in person or by telephone. Of 450 items reported eaten for school meals, 82 were intrusions. Observations and school food service production records were used to determine whether items denoted by intrusions were available in school food service environments on the interview day, as many as 3 school days prior to the interview day, and the day following the interview. Availability of items denoted by intrusions decreased backward over days from the interview day, and decreased from the interview day to the following day. Among 40 children who reported at least 1 intrusion, mean number of intrusions (controlling for number of items reported) increased as interviews occurred later in the week. These results are consistent with the idea that some intrusions are based on specific memories of items encountered but not eaten during the target period, or encountered before the target period. Other intrusions are likely based on general dietary knowledge. It may be possible to design interview techniques to reduce the occurrence of intrusions that are incorrectly based on specific memories.
在特定目标时间段的饮食回忆中，“侵入项”指的是报告食用但在该时间段内未实际摄入的食物项目。侵入项可能指特定时间段内可获取的食物项目、其他时间段内食用的食物项目，或者基于饮食摄入常识的食物项目。为了探究侵入项的认知基础，我们分析了一项饮食报告验证研究的数据，该研究中观察了69名四年级儿童食用2顿学校餐（早餐和午餐）的情况，并在当晚亲自或通过电话询问他们当天的摄入量。在报告的450项学校餐食用食物项目中，有82项是侵入项。观察结果和学校食品服务生产记录被用于确定侵入项所指的食物项目在访谈日、访谈日前多达3个上学日以及访谈日后一天的学校食品服务环境中是否可获取。侵入项所指食物项目的可获取性从访谈日起向后随天数减少，且从访谈日到次日也减少。在报告至少1项侵入项的40名儿童中，侵入项的平均数量（控制报告的食物项目数量）随着访谈在一周内靠后进行而增加。这些结果与以下观点一致，即一些侵入项基于对目标时间段内遇到但未食用的食物项目的特定记忆，或者基于目标时间段之前遇到的食物项目的特定记忆。其他侵入项可能基于一般饮食知识。有可能设计访谈技巧以减少基于特定记忆而错误出现的侵入项的发生。
