Stickley A, Razvodovsky Y, McKee M
Stockholm Centre on Health of Societies in Transition, University College of South Stockholm, SE 141 89 Huddinge, Sweden.
Public Health. 2009 Jan;123(1):20-6. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2008.07.009. Epub 2008 Dec 12.
To examine major changes in the supply of alcohol in Russia and its impact on health in late-tsarist and early-Soviet society.
Statistical data on acute forms of alcohol mortality were drawn from official publications and medical literature published in the period 1860-1930 that covered the 50 provinces of European Russia and some of the major cities in the Russian Empire. These data were examined for across-time changes in alcohol mortality in relation to changes in the availability of alcohol products, both in terms of increased and decreased levels of supply.
Rapid changes in the supply of alcoholic products in earlier periods of Russian history resulted in quick and marked changes in the levels of acute alcohol mortality. However, while restrictions on the availability of spirits have sometimes been effective in reducing alcohol mortality, there has often been a rapid recourse to alternative forms of alcohol, i.e. alcohol surrogates.
The lesson of history suggests that any attempt to deal with the problem of hazardous drinking in Russia must deal with all sources of alcohol, both legal and illegal, as individuals have demonstrated a high degree of ingenuity in identifying alternative sources of alcohol, both in the past and the present.
研究沙俄后期和苏联早期俄罗斯酒精供应的主要变化及其对健康的影响。
关于酒精性急性死亡的统计数据取自1860年至1930年期间出版的官方出版物和医学文献，涵盖俄罗斯欧洲部分的50个省份以及俄罗斯帝国的一些主要城市。对这些数据进行了研究，以考察酒精死亡率随时间的变化与酒精产品供应变化（包括供应增加和减少）之间的关系。
俄罗斯历史早期酒精产品供应的快速变化导致急性酒精死亡率迅速且显著变化。然而，虽然对烈性酒供应的限制有时能有效降低酒精死亡率，但人们往往会迅速转向其他酒精形式，即酒精替代品。
历史教训表明，俄罗斯应对有害饮酒问题的任何尝试都必须应对所有酒精来源，包括合法和非法的，因为无论是过去还是现在，个人在寻找替代酒精来源方面都表现出了高度的创造力。
