Peters Susan, Thomassen Yngvar, Fechter-Rink Edeltraud, Kromhout Hans
Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Environmental Epidemiology Division, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
J Environ Monit. 2009 Jan;11(1):174-80. doi: 10.1039/b812357h. Epub 2008 Nov 6.
Objective- A case study was carried out to assess cement dust exposure and its determinants among construction workers and for comparison among workers in cement and concrete production.Methods- Full-shift personal exposure measurements were performed and samples were analysed for inhalable dust and its cement content. Exposure variability was modelled with linear mixed models.Results- Inhalable dust concentrations at the construction site ranged from 0.05 to 34 mg/m(3), with a mean of 1.0 mg/m(3). Average concentration for inhalable cement dust was 0.3 mg/m(3) (GM; range 0.02-17 mg/m(3)). Levels in the ready-mix and pre-cast concrete plants were on average 0.5 mg/m(3) (GM) for inhalable dust and 0.2 mg/m(3) (GM) for inhalable cement dust. Highest concentrations were measured in cement production, particularly during cleaning tasks (inhalable dust GM = 55 mg/m(3); inhalable cement dust GM = 33 mg/m(3)) at which point the workers wore personal protective equipment. Elemental measurements showed highest but very variable cement percentages in the cement plant and very low percentages during reinforcement work and pouring. Most likely other sources were contributing to dust concentrations, particularly at the construction site. Within job groups, temporal variability in exposure concentrations generally outweighed differences in average concentrations between workers. 'Using a broom', 'outdoor wind speed' and 'presence of rain' were overall the most influential factors affecting inhalable (cement) dust exposure.Conclusion- Job type appeared to be the main predictor of exposure to inhalable (cement) dust at the construction site. Inhalable dust concentrations in cement production plants, especially during cleaning tasks, are usually considerably higher than at the construction site.
目的——开展一项案例研究，以评估建筑工人接触水泥粉尘的情况及其影响因素，并对水泥和混凝土生产工人进行比较。
方法——进行全时段个人暴露测量，并对样品中的可吸入粉尘及其水泥含量进行分析。采用线性混合模型对暴露变异性进行建模。
结果——建筑工地的可吸入粉尘浓度范围为0.05至34毫克/立方米，平均为1.0毫克/立方米。可吸入水泥粉尘的平均浓度为0.3毫克/立方米（几何均值；范围为0.02至17毫克/立方米）。预拌混凝土厂和预制混凝土厂的可吸入粉尘平均浓度为0.5毫克/立方米（几何均值），可吸入水泥粉尘平均浓度为0.2毫克/立方米（几何均值）。水泥生产过程中测得的浓度最高，尤其是在清洁作业期间（可吸入粉尘几何均值 = 55毫克/立方米；可吸入水泥粉尘几何均值 = 33毫克/立方米），此时工人佩戴了个人防护设备。元素测量显示，水泥厂的水泥百分比最高但变化很大，而在钢筋作业和浇筑过程中百分比很低。很可能还有其他来源导致粉尘浓度升高，尤其是在建筑工地。在各工种组内，暴露浓度的时间变异性通常大于工人之间平均浓度的差异。“使用扫帚”、“室外风速”和“是否下雨”总体上是影响可吸入（水泥）粉尘暴露的最主要因素。
结论——工作类型似乎是建筑工地可吸入（水泥）粉尘暴露的主要预测因素。水泥厂的可吸入粉尘浓度，尤其是在清洁作业期间通常远高于建筑工地。
