Electrogenic L-malate transport by Lactobacillus plantarum: a basis for energy derivation from malolactic fermentation.

L-Malate transport in Lactobacillus plantarum was inducible, and the pH optimum was 4.5. Malate uptake could be driven by an artificial proton gradient (delta pH) or an electroneutral lactate efflux. Because L-lactate efflux was unable to drive L-malate transport in the absence of a delta pH, it did not appear that the carrier was a malate-lactate exchanger. The kinetics of malate transport were, however, biphasic, suggesting that the external malate concentration was also serving as a driving force for low-affinity malate uptake. Because the electrical potential (delta psi, inside negative) inhibited malate transport, it appeared that the malate transport-lactate efflux couple was electrogenic (net negative) at high concentrations of malate. De-energized cells that were provided with malate only generated a large proton motive force (greater than 100 mV) when the malate concentration was greater than 5 mM, and malate only caused an increase in cell yield (glucose-limited chemostats) when malate accumulated in the culture vessel. The use of the malate gradient to drive malate transport (facilitated diffusion) explains how L. plantarum derives energy from malolactic fermentation, a process which does not involve substrate-level phosphorylation.