Rovee-Collier Carolyn, Cuevas Kimberly
Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, USA.
Dev Psychol. 2009 Jan;45(1):160-74. doi: 10.1037/a0014538.
How the memory of adults evolves from the memory abilities of infants is a central problem in cognitive development. The popular solution holds that the multiple memory systems of adults mature at different rates during infancy. The early-maturing system (implicit or nondeclarative memory) functions automatically from birth, whereas the late-maturing system (explicit or declarative memory) functions intentionally, with awareness, from late in the first year. Data are presented from research on deferred imitation, sensory preconditioning, potentiation, and context for which this solution cannot account and present an alternative model that eschews the need for multiple memory systems. The ecological model of infant memory development (N. E. Spear, 1984) holds that members of all species are perfectly adapted to their niche at each point in ontogeny and exhibit effective, evolutionarily selected solutions to whatever challenges each new niche poses. Because adults and infants occupy different niches, what they perceive, learn, and remember about the same event differs, but their raw capacity to learn and remember does not.
成人的记忆如何从婴儿的记忆能力演变而来，是认知发展中的一个核心问题。普遍的解决方案认为，成人的多种记忆系统在婴儿期以不同的速度成熟。早熟系统（内隐或非陈述性记忆）从出生起就自动发挥作用，而晚熟系统（外显或陈述性记忆）在第一年后期有意识地发挥作用。本文呈现了关于延迟模仿、感觉预适应、增强作用和情境的研究数据，而这种解决方案无法解释这些数据，并提出了一种无需多种记忆系统的替代模型。婴儿记忆发展的生态模型（N. E. 斯皮尔，1984）认为，所有物种的成员在个体发育的每个阶段都能完美地适应其生态位，并针对每个新生态位带来的挑战展现出有效的、经过进化选择的解决方案。由于成人和婴儿占据不同的生态位，他们对同一事件的感知、学习和记忆有所不同，但他们学习和记忆的原始能力并无差异。
