Stahl Anna, Vohmann Claudia, Richter Almut, Heseker Helmut, Mensink Gert B M
Department of Nutrition and Consumer Education, University of Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany.
Public Health Nutr. 2009 Oct;12(10):1912-23. doi: 10.1017/S1368980009004844. Epub 2009 Feb 23.
To compare the food consumption and nutrient intakes of German children and adolescents in the 1980s with present dietary habits.
Two cross-sectional representative surveys, the German National Food Consumption Study (Nationale Verzehrsstudie, NVS) from 1985-8 and the nutrition module 'EsKiMo' of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) from 2006, were analysed for differences in food and nutrient intakes stratified by age and sex groups.
Secondary analyses of data from representative observational studies.
Children and adolescents aged 6-17 years living in Germany in the 1980s (n 2265) and in 2006 (n 2506).
Food consumption was characterised by higher amounts of vegetables/pulses, fruits/nuts and beverages and less meat products/sausages, butter, fats/oils, potatoes/potato products and bread/pastries in 2006 than in 1985-8. The overall changes in food intake were reflected in improvements of macronutrient composition, increased water intake and lower energy density of the diet. Intake of most vitamins and minerals increased in relation to energy intake, but the nutrient density of the diet for vitamins B12 and D decreased. The most critical nutrients observed in NVS and EsKiMo were folate, vitamin D, vitamin A, vitamin E, Ca and Fe. In addition, dietary fibre intake was relatively low and fatty acid and carbohydrate compositions were not favourable.
Further efforts will be necessary to improve dietary habits among children and adolescents.
比较20世纪80年代德国儿童和青少年的食物消费及营养摄入量与当前的饮食习惯。
对两项横断面代表性调查进行分析，即1985 - 1988年的德国全国食物消费研究（Nationale Verzehrsstudie，NVS）以及2006年德国儿童和青少年健康访谈与检查调查（KiGGS）的营养模块“EsKiMo”，分析按年龄和性别分组的食物和营养摄入量差异。
对代表性观察性研究的数据进行二次分析。
20世纪80年代（n = 2265）和2006年（n = 2506）居住在德国的6 - 17岁儿童和青少年。
2006年的食物消费特点是蔬菜/豆类、水果/坚果和饮料的摄入量较多，而肉类产品/香肠、黄油、脂肪/油类、土豆/土豆制品以及面包/糕点的摄入量比1985 - 1988年减少。食物摄入量的总体变化反映在宏量营养素组成的改善、水摄入量的增加以及饮食能量密度的降低。大多数维生素和矿物质的摄入量相对于能量摄入量有所增加，但饮食中维生素B12和D的营养密度下降。在NVS和EsKiMo中观察到的最关键营养素是叶酸、维生素D、维生素A、维生素E、钙和铁。此外，膳食纤维摄入量相对较低，脂肪酸和碳水化合物组成也不理想。
有必要进一步努力改善儿童和青少年的饮食习惯。
