Rivers Susan E, Reyna Valerie F, Mills Britain
Department of Psychology, Yale University and Department of Human Development, Cornell University.
Dev Rev. 2008 Mar;28(1):107-144. doi: 10.1016/j.dr.2007.11.002.
Fuzzy-trace theory explains risky decision making in children, adolescents, and adults, incorporating social and cultural factors as well as differences in impulsivity. Here, we provide an overview of the theory, including support for counterintuitive predictions (e.g., when adolescents "rationally" weigh costs and benefits, risk taking increases, but it decreases when the core gist of a decision is processed). Then, we delineate how emotion shapes adolescent risk taking-from encoding of representations of options, to retrieval of values/principles, to application of those values/principles to representations of options. Our review indicates that: (i) Gist representations often incorporate emotion including valence, arousal, feeling states, and discrete emotions; and (ii) Emotion determines whether gist or verbatim representations are processed. We recommend interventions to reduce unhealthy risk-taking that inculcate stable gist representations, enabling adolescents to identify quickly and automatically danger even when experiencing emotion, which differs sharply from traditional approaches emphasizing deliberation and precise analysis.
模糊痕迹理论解释了儿童、青少年和成年人的风险决策，纳入了社会和文化因素以及冲动性差异。在此，我们概述该理论，包括对反直觉预测的支持（例如，当青少年“理性地”权衡成本和收益时，冒险行为会增加，但当处理决策的核心要点时，冒险行为会减少）。然后，我们阐述情绪如何塑造青少年的冒险行为——从选项表征的编码，到价值观/原则的检索，再到将这些价值观/原则应用于选项表征。我们的综述表明：（i）要点表征通常包含情绪，包括效价、唤醒、感觉状态和离散情绪；（ii）情绪决定是处理要点表征还是逐字表征。我们建议采取干预措施来减少不健康的冒险行为，这些措施应灌输稳定的要点表征，使青少年即使在情绪激动时也能快速自动地识别危险，这与强调深思熟虑和精确分析的传统方法有很大不同。
