Local control of excitation-contraction coupling in human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.

We investigated the mechanisms of excitation-contraction (EC) coupling in human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs) and fetal ventricular myocytes (hFVMs) using patch-clamp electrophysiology and confocal microscopy. We tested the hypothesis that Ca(2+) influx via voltage-gated L-type Ca(2+) channels activates Ca(2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) via a local control mechanism in hESC-CMs and hFVMs. Field-stimulated, whole-cell Ca(2+) transients in hESC-CMs required Ca(2+) entry through L-type Ca(2+) channels, as evidenced by the elimination of such transients by either removal of extracellular Ca(2+) or treatment with diltiazem, an L-type channel inhibitor. Ca(2+) release from the SR also contributes to the Ca(2+) transient in these cells, as evidenced by studies with drugs interfering with either SR Ca(2+) release (i.e. ryanodine and caffeine) or reuptake (i.e. thapsigargin and cyclopiazonic acid). As in adult ventricular myocytes, membrane depolarization evoked large L-type Ca(2+) currents (I(Ca)) and corresponding whole-cell Ca(2+) transients in hESC-CMs and hFVMs, and the amplitude of both I(Ca) and the Ca(2+) transients were finely graded by the magnitude of the depolarization. hESC-CMs exhibit a decreasing EC coupling gain with depolarization to more positive test potentials, "tail" Ca(2+) transients upon repolarization from extremely positive test potentials, and co-localized ryanodine and sarcolemmal L-type Ca(2+) channels, all findings that are consistent with the local control hypothesis. Finally, we recorded Ca(2+) sparks in hESC-CMs and hFVMs. Collectively, these data support a model in which tight, local control of SR Ca(2+) release by the I(Ca) during EC coupling develops early in human cardiomyocytes.