Schmitz Taylor W, De Rosa Eve, Anderson Adam K
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada.
J Neurosci. 2009 Jun 3;29(22):7199-207. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5387-08.2009.
Positive and negative emotional states are thought to have originated from fundamentally opposing approach and avoidance behaviors. Furthermore, affective valence has been hypothesized to exert opposing biases in cognitive control. Here we examined with functional magnetic resonance imaging whether the opposing influences of positive and negative states extend to perceptual encoding in the visual cortices. Based on prior behavioral research, we hypothesized that positive states would broaden and negative states would narrow visual field of view (FOV). Positive, neutral, and negative states were induced on alternating blocks. To index FOV, observers then viewed brief presentations (300 ms) of face/place concentric center/surround stimuli on interleaved blocks. Central faces were attended, rendering the place surrounds unattended. As face and place information was presented at different visual eccentricities, our physiological metric of FOV was a valence-dependent modulation of place processing in the parahippocampal place area (PPA). Consistent with our hypotheses, positive affective states increased and negative states decreased PPA response to novel places as well as adaptation to repeated places. Individual differences in self-reported positive and negative affect correlated inversely with PPA encoding of peripheral places, as well as with activation in the mesocortical prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Psychophysiological interaction analyses further demonstrated that valence-dependent responses in the PPA arose from opponent coupling with extrafoveal regions of the primary visual cortex during positive and negative states. These findings collectively suggest that affective valence differentially biases gating of early visual inputs, fundamentally altering the scope of perceptual encoding.
积极和消极情绪状态被认为源于根本对立的趋近和回避行为。此外，情感效价被假设在认知控制中发挥相反的偏向作用。在此，我们使用功能磁共振成像来研究积极和消极状态的相反影响是否会延伸至视觉皮层的感知编码。基于先前的行为研究，我们假设积极状态会拓宽视野，而消极状态会缩小视野范围（FOV）。在交替的时间段内诱发积极、中性和消极状态。为了测量视野范围，观察者随后在交错的时间段内观看面部/地点同心圆中心/周边刺激的简短呈现（300毫秒）。关注中心的面部，使周边的地点不被关注。由于面部和地点信息在不同的视觉离心率下呈现，我们用于测量视野范围的生理指标是海马旁回地点区域（PPA）中地点处理的效价依赖性调制。与我们的假设一致，积极情感状态增加了PPA对新地点的反应以及对重复地点的适应，而消极状态则降低了这种反应。自我报告的积极和消极情绪的个体差异与PPA对周边地点的编码以及中皮质前额叶皮层和杏仁核的激活呈负相关。心理生理交互分析进一步表明，PPA中的效价依赖性反应源于在积极和消极状态下与初级视觉皮层的中央凹外区域的对立耦合。这些发现共同表明，情感效价在早期视觉输入的门控方面存在差异偏向，从根本上改变了感知编码的范围。
