Johns Hopkins University, Orthopaedic Surgery, 601 N Caroline Street, Room 5161, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
Dev World Bioeth. 2009 Dec;9(3):111-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8847.2009.00257.x. Epub 2009 Jun 8.
Since the development of assisted reproductive technologies, infertile individuals have crossed borders to obtain treatments unavailable or unaffordable in their own country. Recent media coverage has focused on the outsourcing of surrogacy to developing countries, where the cost for surrogacy is significantly less than the equivalent cost in a more developed country. This paper discusses the ethical arguments against international surrogacy. The major opposition viewpoints can be broadly divided into arguments about welfare, commodification and exploitation. It is argued that the only valid objection to international surrogacy is that surrogate mothers may be exploited by being given too little compensation. However, the possibility of exploitation is a weak argument for prohibition, as employment alternatives for potential surrogate mothers may be more exploitative or more harmful than surrogacy. It is concluded that international surrogacy must be regulated, and the proposed regulatory mechanism is termed Fair Trade Surrogacy. The guidelines of Fair Trade Surrogacy focus on minimizing potential harms to all parties and ensuring fair compensation for surrogate mothers.
自辅助生殖技术发展以来，不孕不育的个体已经跨越国界，到自己国家无法获得或负担不起治疗的地方寻求治疗。最近的媒体报道集中在代孕服务向发展中国家的外包上，在这些国家，代孕的成本明显低于更发达国家的同等成本。本文讨论了反对国际代孕的伦理论点。主要的反对观点大致可以分为关于福利、商品化和剥削的论点。有人认为，反对国际代孕的唯一有效论点是，代孕母亲可能因获得的补偿太少而受到剥削。然而，剥削的可能性是禁止的一个薄弱论据，因为潜在代孕母亲的就业替代方案可能比代孕更具剥削性或更有害。结论是，国际代孕必须受到监管，拟议的监管机制被称为公平贸易代孕。公平贸易代孕的指导方针侧重于将对所有各方的潜在伤害降到最低，并确保代孕母亲获得公平的补偿。
