Eisenberg Nancy, Valiente Carlos, Spinrad Tracy L, Liew Jeffrey, Zhou Qing, Losoya Sandra H, Reiser Mark, Cumberland Amanda
Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, USA.
Dev Psychol. 2009 Jul;45(4):988-1008. doi: 10.1037/a0016213.
The purpose of the study was to examine the relations of effortful control (EC), impulsivity, and negative emotionality to at least borderline clinical levels of symptoms and change in maladjustment over four years. Children's (N = 214; 77% European American; M age = 73 months) externalizing and internalizing symptoms were rated by parents and teachers at 3 times, 2 years apart (T1, T2, and T3) and were related to children's adult-rated EC, impulsivity, and emotion. In addition, the authors found patterns of change in maladjustment were related to these variables at T3 while controlling for the T1 predictor. Externalizing problems (pure or co-occurring with internalizing problems) were associated with low EC, high impulsivity, and negative emotionality, especially anger, and patterns of change also related to these variables. Internalizing problems were associated with low impulsivity and sadness and somewhat with high anger. Low attentional EC was related to internalizing problems only in regard to change in maladjustment. Change in impulsivity was associated with change in internalizing primarily when controlling for change in externalizing problems.
本研究的目的是考察努力控制（EC）、冲动性和消极情绪与至少处于临界临床水平的症状以及四年间适应不良变化之间的关系。对儿童（N = 214；77%为欧美裔；平均年龄 = 73个月）的外化和内化症状，由父母和教师在三个时间点进行评定，时间间隔为两年（T1、T2和T3），并将其与儿童经成人评定的EC、冲动性和情绪相关联。此外，作者发现，在控制T1预测因素的情况下，适应不良的变化模式在T3时与这些变量相关。外化问题（单纯的或与内化问题同时出现的）与低EC、高冲动性和消极情绪（尤其是愤怒）相关，变化模式也与这些变量有关。内化问题与低冲动性和悲伤相关，在一定程度上也与高愤怒相关。低注意力EC仅在适应不良变化方面与内化问题有关。冲动性的变化主要在控制外化问题变化时与内化变化相关。
