Uhnoo I, Svensson L, Wadell G
Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol. 1990 Sep;4(3):627-42. doi: 10.1016/0950-3528(90)90053-j.
Human adenoviruses are classified into 47 serotypes and six subgenera (A-F) with different tropisms. In recent years adenovirus type 40 (Ad40) and 41 (Ad41) of subgenus F have been shown to be causative agents in enteric infections, which is second in importance only to rotaviruses as a cause of infantile gastroenteritis. Infection with EAds occurs worldwide and has been associated with 4-17% of cases of diarrhoea in children. AD40 and Ad41 primarily affect young children less than 2 years of age and occur throughout the year. The clinical characteristics include watery diarrhoea accompanied by vomiting, low grade fever and mild dehydration. A distinct feature of EAds infection is the protracted diarrhoea (mean 8.6 and 12.2 days for Ad40 and Ad41, respectively). Respiratory symptoms are infrequent. Serotypes Ad40 and Ad41 differ from all other (established) adenoviruses by being unable to replicate in conventional cell cultures. These fastidious viruses only grow in selected cell lines, 293 cells being the most commonly used. In spite of the difficulty of isolating Ad40 and Ad41, they can be directly identified and typed by ELISA and solid-phase immune electron microscopy. The amount of viral DNA in stool specimens is sufficient for identification by DNA restriction and dot-blot assays. The recent development of highly sensitive and specific monoclonal antibody-based ELISAs enable accurate diagnosis of adenovirus gastroenteritis in routine work and make possible the evaluation of the role of the enteric adenoviruses in diarrhoeal disease in the developing countries.
人腺病毒分为47个血清型和6个亚属（A - F），各有不同的嗜性。近年来，F亚属的腺病毒40型（Ad40）和41型（Ad41）已被证明是肠道感染的病原体，作为婴儿肠胃炎的病因，其重要性仅次于轮状病毒。肠道腺病毒感染在全球范围内均有发生，在儿童腹泻病例中占4% - 17%。Ad40和Ad41主要影响2岁以下幼儿，全年均可发病。临床特征包括水样腹泻伴呕吐、低热和轻度脱水。肠道腺病毒感染的一个显著特点是腹泻病程迁延（Ad40和Ad41的平均病程分别为8.6天和12.2天）。呼吸道症状不常见。血清型Ad40和Ad41与所有其他（已确定的）腺病毒不同，它们无法在传统细胞培养物中复制。这些苛求的病毒仅在选定的细胞系中生长，其中293细胞是最常用的。尽管分离Ad40和Ad41存在困难，但可通过ELISA和固相免疫电子显微镜直接进行鉴定和分型。粪便标本中的病毒DNA量足以通过DNA限制性分析和斑点印迹分析进行鉴定。基于高灵敏度和特异性单克隆抗体的ELISA的最新发展使得在日常工作中能够准确诊断腺病毒肠胃炎，并有可能评估肠道腺病毒在发展中国家腹泻疾病中的作用。
