Krachun Carla, Carpenter Malinda, Call Josep, Tomasello Michael
Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
Dev Sci. 2009 Jul;12(4):521-35. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00793.x.
A nonverbal false belief task was administered to children (mean age 5 years) and two great ape species: chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus). Because apes typically perform poorly in cooperative contexts, our task was competitive. Two versions were run: in both, a human competitor witnessed an experimenter hide a reward in one of two containers. When the competitor then left the room (version A) or turned around (version B), the experimenter switched the locations of the containers. The competitor returned and reached with effort, but unsuccessfully, towards the incorrect container. Children displayed an understanding of the competitor's false belief by correctly choosing the other container to find the reward. Apes did not. However, in version A (but not version B), apes looked more often at the unchosen container in false belief trials than in true belief control trials, possibly indicating some implicit or uncertain understanding that needs to be investigated further.
对儿童（平均年龄5岁）以及两种大猩猩——黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes）和倭黑猩猩（Pan paniscus）进行了一项非语言错误信念任务测试。由于猿类在合作情境中通常表现不佳，我们的任务是竞争性的。测试进行了两个版本：在两个版本中，一名人类竞争者目睹实验者将奖励藏在两个容器中的一个里。当竞争者随后离开房间（版本A）或转身（版本B）时，实验者调换了容器的位置。竞争者回来后费力地伸向错误的容器，但没有成功。儿童通过正确选择另一个容器来找到奖励，表现出对竞争者错误信念的理解。猿类则没有。然而，在版本A（而非版本B）中，猿类在错误信念试验中比在真实信念对照试验中更频繁地看向未被选择的容器，这可能表明存在一些需要进一步研究的隐性或不确定的理解。
