Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Henry Cotton Campus, Webster Street, Liverpool L3 2ET, United Kingdom.
Appl Ergon. 2010 Jan;41(1):161-72. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2009.07.001. Epub 2009 Aug 6.
The occupation of firefighting is one that has repeatedly attracted the research interests of ergonomics. Among the activities encountered are attention to live fires, performing search and rescue of victims, and dealing with emergencies. The scientific literature is reviewed to highlight the investigative models used to contribute to the knowledge base about the ergonomics of firefighting, in particular to establish the multi-variate demands of the job and the attributes and capabilities of operators to cope with these demands. The job requires individuals to be competent in aerobic and anaerobic power and capacity, muscle strength, and have an appropriate body composition. It is still difficult to set down thresholds for values in all the areas in concert. Physiological demands are reflected in metabolic, circulatory, and thermoregulatory responses and hydration status, whilst psychological strain can be partially reflected in heart rate and endocrine measures. Research models have comprised of studying live fires, but more commonly in simulations in training facilities or treadmills and other ergometers. Wearing protective clothing adds to the physiological burden, raising oxygen consumption and body temperature, and reducing the time to fatigue. More sophisticated models of cognitive function compatible with decision-making in a fire-fighting context need to be developed. Recovery methods following a fire-fighting event have focused on accelerating the restoration towards homeostasis. The effectiveness of different recovery strategies is considered, ranging from passive cooling and wearing of cooling jackets to immersions in cold water and combinations of methods. Rehydration is also relevant in securing the safety of firefighters prior to returning for the next event in their work shift.
消防职业一直以来都吸引着人类工效学的研究兴趣。消防人员的工作包括关注火灾现场、执行搜救任务和应对各种紧急情况。本文综述了相关科学文献，重点介绍了用于增进消防人类工效学知识基础的研究模型，特别是确定工作的多变量需求，以及操作人员应对这些需求的属性和能力。该工作要求个人具备良好的有氧和无氧能力、肌肉力量，以及适当的身体成分。目前仍难以协调一致地为所有领域设定数值阈值。生理需求反映在代谢、循环和体温调节反应以及水合状态上，而心理压力在一定程度上可以反映在心率和内分泌测量上。研究模型包括对真火的研究，但更常见的是在培训设施或跑步机和其他测力台上进行模拟。穿着防护服会增加生理负担，增加耗氧量和体温，并缩短疲劳时间。需要开发与消防背景下决策相关的更复杂的认知功能模型。火灾后恢复方法侧重于加速恢复到体内平衡。人们考虑了不同恢复策略的有效性，范围从被动冷却和穿冷却服到冷水浸泡以及各种方法的组合。在消防员返回轮班的下一次任务之前，还需要进行补液以确保其安全。
