Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA.
Environ Int. 2011 Apr;37(3):592-6. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.12.003. Epub 2011 Jan 15.
California residents may experience the highest polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardant exposures in the United States, the nation with the highest body burdens worldwide. It is hypothesized that Californians' high exposures are due to the state's strict furniture flammability standards. Ingestion of PBDE-contaminated dust, to which children may be particularly susceptible, is a dominant exposure pathway. Low-income populations may also face disparately high exposures due to the presence of older, deteriorated or poorly manufactured furniture treated with PBDEs. We collected up to two dust samples per home (54 samples total), several days apart, from low-income California households in the urban community of Oakland (n=13 homes) and the agricultural community of Salinas (n=15 homes). We measured BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100, the major constituents of the penta-PBDE flame retardant formulation commonly used in furniture. All three PBDE congeners were detected in every sample with concentrations (loadings) ranging from 185 to 126,000ng/g (621-264,000ng/m(2)), 367-220,000ng/g (1550-457,000ng/m(2)), and 84-41,100ng/g (257-85,700ng/m(2)) for BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100, respectively. Median concentrations (loadings) observed in Salinas homes for BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100 were 3100ng/g (10,800ng/m(2)), 5480ng/g (19,500ng/m(2)), and 1060ng/g (3810ng/m(2)), respectively, and in Oakland homes 2780ng/g (10,700ng/m(2)), 4450ng/g (19,100ng/m(2)), and 1050ng/g (4000ng/m(2)), respectively. Maximum concentrations for BDE-47 and BDE-99 are the highest reported to date. Indoor concentrations and loadings did not significantly differ between communities; concentrations and loadings were strongly correlated between collections for all three congeners (Spearman rho=0.79-0.97, p<0.002). We estimated non-dietary ingestion of each congener for one child in each home (n=28 children) and found that estimated intake for BDE-47 and BDE-99 exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's recommended chronic reference dose for three and five children, respectively. Children's estimated intake via dust ranged from 1.0 to 599ng/kg/day, 2.0-1065ng/kg/day and 0.5-196ng/kg/day for BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100, respectively. In order to mitigate these exposures, future research must address the factors that contribute to PBDE exposures in low-income homes.
加州居民可能会经历美国最高的多溴二苯醚 (PBDE) 阻燃剂暴露，而美国是全球体内负荷最高的国家。据推测，加州人高暴露的原因是该州严格的家具阻燃标准。摄入受 PBDE 污染的灰尘，儿童可能特别容易受到影响，这是主要的暴露途径。由于存在使用 PBDE 处理过的旧的、损坏的或制造不良的家具，低收入人群也可能面临不成比例的高暴露。我们从城市社区奥克兰（n=13 户家庭）和农业社区萨利纳斯（n=15 户家庭）的低收入加州家庭中，每隔几天收集了每个家庭最多两个灰尘样本（总共 54 个样本）。我们测量了 BDE-47、BDE-99 和 BDE-100，这是家具中常用的五溴 PBDE 阻燃剂配方的主要成分。所有三种 PBDE 同系物都在每个样本中被检测到，浓度（负荷）范围为 185-126000ng/g（621-264000ng/m2），367-220000ng/g（1550-457000ng/m2）和 84-41100ng/g（257-85700ng/m2）分别为 BDE-47、BDE-99 和 BDE-100。在萨利纳斯家庭中，观察到的 BDE-47、BDE-99 和 BDE-100 的中值浓度（负荷）分别为 3100ng/g（10800ng/m2）、5480ng/g（19500ng/m2）和 1060ng/g（3810ng/m2），在奥克兰家庭中分别为 2780ng/g（10700ng/m2）、4450ng/g（19100ng/m2）和 1050ng/g（4000ng/m2）。BDE-47 和 BDE-99 的最大浓度是迄今为止报道的最高浓度。室内浓度和负荷在两个社区之间没有显著差异；所有三种同系物的浓度和负荷之间的相关性很强（Spearman rho=0.79-0.97，p<0.002）。我们估计了每个家庭中一个孩子的每种同系物的非饮食摄入（n=28 个孩子），发现 BDE-47 和 BDE-99 的估计摄入量分别超过了美国环保署对三个和五个孩子的慢性参考剂量建议。儿童通过灰尘摄入的估计摄入量范围为 1.0-599ng/kg/天、2.0-1065ng/kg/天和 0.5-196ng/kg/天，分别对应 BDE-47、BDE-99 和 BDE-100。为了减轻这些暴露，未来的研究必须解决导致低收入家庭 PBDE 暴露的因素。
