University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Winsconsin, USA.
Child Dev. 2009 Sep-Oct;80(5):1531-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01349.x.
Gender intensification, an increased pressure for adolescents to conform to culturally sanctioned gender roles, has been posited as an explanation for the emergence of the gender difference in depression. This longitudinal study assessed whether 410 individuals became more stereotypical in their gender-role identity across adolescence and whether such patterns predicted depressive symptoms. Girls reported higher femininity than boys at ages 11, 13, and 15, but girls and boys did not differ in masculinity. Contrary to prevailing views, there was not evidence of intensification in femininity or masculinity. Positive trajectories in masculinity for both girls and boys predicted fewer depressive symptoms, particularly at moderate levels of stress. Findings suggest a need to reconceptualize gender intensification in ways that characterize contemporary adolescence.
性别强化，即青少年为了符合文化认可的性别角色而承受的压力增大，被认为是抑郁的性别差异出现的一个解释。本纵向研究评估了 410 个人在青春期是否会更加刻板地认同自己的性别角色，以及这种模式是否预示着抑郁症状。在 11、13 和 15 岁时，女孩报告的女性气质比男孩高，但在男性气质方面，女孩和男孩没有差异。与普遍观点相反，女性气质或男性气质并没有强化的证据。对于女孩和男孩来说，男性气质的积极轨迹都预示着较少的抑郁症状，尤其是在中等程度的压力下。研究结果表明，需要重新构想当代青春期的性别强化方式。
